CAREERS AFTER CLASS 12
Film
is probably the broadest and most varied creative opportunity in mass media.
Films, a blend of creativity and technicality are an important media, not only
for entertainment and information, but also for communication. Films, the most
international medium, has developed into a universal art form that transcends
cultural differences. Film making include feature films, documentaries,
newsreels, Promotional films, TV commercials, music Videos etc.
The craft of filmmaking is a teamwork which
needs close coordination of various skilled individuals. It involves acting,
directing, producing, script writing, cinematography, sound recording, visual
mixing, editing and so on. A film maker like the captain of a ship has to look
at all these aspects of film making. He has to start at the very bottom and
work his way up. i.e. beginning with raising capital for the film to its
distribution, screening as well as all the stages of its crafting.
The field of film making which is highly
competitive is one that has a lot of scope for employment opportunities
especially, India which releases a large number of films every year. If one has
artistic and technical skills and at the same time ability to express ideas,
this is the right field for you. Even for acting and directing, which are
basically creative fields that require inherent talent, training helps to hone
the skills. In areas like cinematography, sound engineering and editing,
professional training is essential. There are several universities institutions
that offer training in these areas. The pioneering institute in this line is
the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune.
Eligibility
Educational Qualification: For technical courses
basic eligibility is 10+2. For other courses it is graduation. There will be
aptitude tests and interviews to assess the candidates talents. Duration of
courses depends on the course one opts for and the institution chosen. There
are Diploma, Post Diploma and even Certificate courses in each area of
specialisation. Specialisation areas include production, direction, editing,
cinematography, film processing, animation, acting, sound engineering, make up,
photography and so on.
Personal Attributes: Artistic flair, ability to work cooperatively, sense of responsibility, ability to work under pressure, great physical stamina, strong visual sense, good communication skills and for production and direction; leadership qualities, ability to bring out talent in others, creative instincts as well as managerial and administrative abilities are essential.
Personal Attributes: Artistic flair, ability to work cooperatively, sense of responsibility, ability to work under pressure, great physical stamina, strong visual sense, good communication skills and for production and direction; leadership qualities, ability to bring out talent in others, creative instincts as well as managerial and administrative abilities are essential.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job Prospects
Candidates can find employment with Film
Studios, Production Companies, Advertising Agencies, Government Department,
which make films or start their own venture as producer, director, editors,
cameramen, soundmen, lighting crews, assistants and so on.
Career Options
Careers in films can be those related to the
actual production of the film and those related to the film field such as a
Film critic, Film archivist, Film curator, Film distributor etc.
Production
Production: Production involves too many responsibilities,
sheer hardwork and anxiety after the release whether the hard work put in was
worth it. Usually the production team is the first to arrive on the sets and
the last to leave.
Producer: He is the over-all in charge of a film. Producer
is responsible right from raising finance up to marketing the film. He is the
decision making authority in all matters, plans and manages the technical and
artistic resources. It is he who decides the story, obtain legal permission,
hires the director, actors, decides the crew and the location etc. Production
Manager and Production Assistants help the Producer in his job. The producer's
role is sometimes combined with that of directing.
Post graduates in Mass Communication or diploma
holders from the Film and Television Institutes can enter as professionals. But
it is not a must. Personally he should have good communication skills, patience
and stamina. He should also have a through knowledge and experience in the film
industry and entrepreneurial ability to succeed.
Production Manager: The production manager
shoulders the delegated responsibility for the overall organisation of the
film. He is responsible for the technical pre-planning of productions and for
coordinating the crew, cast and scenery within a prescribed budget.
Production Assistant: He acts as the
coordinator while the producer or director is doing his artistic thing. It is
the production assistant who actually make everything happen as planned. He
handles all the administrative work, such as booking hotels and flights for the
crew, arranging shooting schedules etc. and he is also responsible for keeping
records of film sequences, scripts, call sheets and daily reports.
Direction
Director: He is responsible for
the management of all the creative aspects that go into the making of a film.
These are the people who make the unreal real--who turn the pages of a script
into reality on the screen. The director is in complete charge of the studio or
location floor and controls the film artistically. He decides the camera angle
and directs the work of the cast and crew, costumes, choreography and music,
conduct rehearsals etc.
Assistant director: They ensure all the
timely arrangement of things that are required for the shoot. There can be one
or more assistant directors, depending upon the film budget.
Editing, Acting & Animation
Editor: The work of an editor requires great skill, it
is he who puts the film in correct sequential order. He views processed film
and video with production personnel to analyse, evaluate and select scenes and
to determine which scenes need to be improved or re-shot. He synchronizes the
sound track and adds special effects wherever necessary. Degree in film
direction and editing or professional experience is required.
Screenplay writer: Screen play writer
rewrites the original story, on which the film is based, in a format suitable
for the screen. A graduate or postgraduate degree in literature with
proficiency in creative writing can become a screen play writer.
Actor: An actor should have an ability to emote well
and become the character he represents in the film. They are the ones who come
in direct contact with the masses and the most appreciated. Actors need a great
deal of patience and commitment because most productions require long rehearsal
schedules and retakes. Acting is a highly competitive profession and lot of
talent, mettle as well as luck is needed to make it to the top and create a
place for themselves in the field. A screen presence and a good physical appearance
are additional attributes to be successful in the field. Even though formal
training is not a necessity, a graduate/post graduate degree in acting will
help to sharpen skills and give exposure.
Animator: Animation films are
created by filming sequences of drawings or computer graphics and processing
them at high speed so that they appear to be moving. Animation graphics are
used in action films to stimulate real events.
Animators use their drawing skills to create moving images and effects for feature films, TV commercials, and short features. Drawing skills are crucial for all animators, and technical and computer training are integrated into the professional training. Personally, they must be artistically inclined, imaginative, skilful and practical, able to generate new ideas and put those ideas into sketches. One can work as an animator for Cartoons, feature-length movies, TV commer cials or motion graphics, multimedia or as a game designer. Proficiency in graphic software's or a graduate or postgraduate degree in Fine arts, Applies Arts, Graphic Design, Animation Design, Visual Communication Design etc is helpful in getting into this field. The basic qualification for training in this field is 10+2/ equivalent.
Animators use their drawing skills to create moving images and effects for feature films, TV commercials, and short features. Drawing skills are crucial for all animators, and technical and computer training are integrated into the professional training. Personally, they must be artistically inclined, imaginative, skilful and practical, able to generate new ideas and put those ideas into sketches. One can work as an animator for Cartoons, feature-length movies, TV commer cials or motion graphics, multimedia or as a game designer. Proficiency in graphic software's or a graduate or postgraduate degree in Fine arts, Applies Arts, Graphic Design, Animation Design, Visual Communication Design etc is helpful in getting into this field. The basic qualification for training in this field is 10+2/ equivalent.
Light and Sound
Cinematographer: He is responsible for
composing each scene to be shot, decides lighting and camera angles as per
directors requirement. He leads the camera/lighting team and is involved in the
planning and execution of a shoot from the pre-production stage. Job requires
high technical knowledge and experience in the field. In big units lighting
technician may work out the lighting plan for each shot.
Cameraman: The cameraman handles
the camera and the camera assistants collaborate with him. The Cameraman
operates the camera according to the instructions of the Cinematographer. Good
technical ability and knowledge of cameras and lenses is essential.
Lighting Technician/Operator: Lighting is used to
change the mood of a scene or to indicate practical aspects such as day or
night. Lighting technician arranges all the lighting effects. They determine
light needed during each shot.
Soundmen: Responsible for all
sounds or effects that accompany visual images (Sound Mixing). The work
includes recording, dubbing and mixing of music, dialogues and other sound
effects. The Sound Mixer or Sound Engineer puts together the various elements
of the sound track and edits it to give it a final shape. The Sound Recordist
works under the Sound Mixer and ensures proper recording. Degree or diploma in
Audiography or Electronics is required. For admission to these courses a
Science background at plus two level is preferred.
Film Related Careers
Film critic: A critic needs to be well read, have adequate
knowledge and experience in his respective field. Only persons having good
knowledge about the particular subject/art can authoritatively write about the
subject. He has to interview filmmakers and actors, covers local developments
in the film business, and attend film festivals from time to time. Reading significant
histories and biographies, understanding critical theory of film, and becoming
familiar with the history of film arts are keys to success as a critic.
Film Archivist: Archivists are involved
with the collection, arrangement and provision and preservation of archives.
Archives include official documents, photographs, maps, audio-visual material
and any other information-bearing media that contains valuable historical
information of individuals, companies, government departments and other organisations.
An archivist can be a Film Archivist, Reference Archivist, Photographic
Archivist, Appraisal Archivist, Manuscript Librarian etc. A graduate or
postgraduate degree in one of more of the areas like history, art history,
anthropology, archaeology, Latin, English literature, public administration,
politics, law or economics or a postgraduate degree in Library and Information
Studies; Museum, Gallery and Archives Management and Information Management is
essential to get into this field. Archivists need to have good communication
skills, analytical and research skills, an eye for detail, problem-solving
skills and organisational ability, Knowledge of different databases and ,
Archivists need to be patient, accurate, thorough and able to make good judgements
about what information to keep. They should work in a well organised and
methodical manner, be able to keep information private and work well under
pressure.
Remuneration
Earnings of workers in the motion picture
production and distribution industry vary, depending on education and
experience, type of work, union affiliation, and duration of employment.
Salaries for directors vary widely. Producers seldom get a set salary; instead,
they get a percentage of a show's earnings or ticket sales.
The
Merchant Navy is a non-combatant commercial fleet, which deals with
transporting cargo and occasionally, passengers, by sea. Its fleet is therefore
composed of passenger vessels, cargo liners, tankers, carriers, as well as
other special types of vehicles. A career in this field is full of adventure
and long voyages to exotic places. Above all this, the excellent pay and
promising promotional opportunities make the career lucrative and exciting in
spite of all the hard work life and long absence from family and home.
The main positions open in the merchant navy are
for navigating officers, radio officers and marine engineers. They are usually
employed by shipping companies on a contractual basis, which is generally of
six to nine months' duration. Earlier a career in this field was considered
purely for men. Women were not generally known to take up jobs in merchant navy
but the past few years have seen a positive change with many women taking up
jobs as ship doctors and radio officers.
In Merchant Navy, major tasks performed are in
three basic areas of a ship. The Deck, the Engine and the Service Department.
There are thus, many career options that are available for any youngster who
has dreams to join the merchant navy. The deck officers include the captain,
chief officer, second officer, third officer and other junior officers. The
engine department consists of the chief engineer, radio officer, electrical
officer and junior engineers. The service department manages the kitchen,
laundry, medical and other services. Jobs are available with shipping companies
in India and other countries.
Prominent institutes conducting courses in this
field are TS Chanakya, Mumbai and Marine Engineering Research Institute (MERI),
in Kolkata and Mumbai.
Eligibility
Educational qualification: The minimum eligibility
for courses in Nautical science and Marine engineering is 10+2 or an equivalent
examination with physics, chemistry and mathematics. He should also pass a
medical fitness test for sea service under standard norms and with eyesight 6/6
with no colour blindness.
Candidates wishing to enter the navigational and
engineering fields of Merchant Navy need to complete a Bachelors degree in
Nautical Science or Marine engineering, before they can gain admission to the
field.
Selection: Candidates are selected for the B.Sc. Nautical
Science degree of TS Chanakya, Mumbai; and the four-year Marine Engineering
degree course at Marine Engineering Research Institute, in Calcutta and Mumbai,
known as DMET, through the Joint Entrance Examination conducted by the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT), which assesses the candidate’s knowledge of
physics, chemistry and mathematics. The examination is followed by personal
interviews/counseling, where the interviewers assess the degree of alertness,
and awareness of the external environment, in the candidates and their
suitability for a career in the Merchant Navy.
The entry level for a fresh Marine Engineer (ME)
is at the rank of fifth engineer or junior engineer and a Nautical Science
graduate is as a Deck Cadet. Promotions depend on further examinations
conducted by the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS), the quality of
experience and personal merit. On successfully completing these examinations
the candidate receives the 'Certificates of Competency' needed for promotion to
the respective classes. This examination is conducted by the Ministry of
Surface Transport, in association with the Directorate General of Shipping
(DGS) Mumbai, for determining the promotion prospects for the officers.
Direct entry to Merchant Navy is also possible - students who have
completed their 12th with PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) are eligible to
join as Deck Cadets and a student holding a bachelor's degree in Mechanical/
Electrical/ Technology Engineering could also join the Merchant navy as a
Engine Cadet/ Fifth Engineer/ Junior Engineer. Direct entry Deck Cadets are
required to undergo basic pre-sea training arranged by the recruiting company
itself and the direct entry Engineering cadets are preferred to do a Pre-sea
course of 9 months duration in Marine Engineering conducted by the MERI.
Personal attributes: A career in the merchant
navy requires people with strong inner self and tough physical form, along with
a sporting, adaptive and adjustable attitude. Willing to take on
responsibility, love for adventure and challenges; have the urge to strive for
higher positions; be able to work as well as study for examinations in between.
Candidates need to be intelligent, intuitive, willing to work as a team,
flexible, patient; have a liking for solitude, willing to live apart from loves
ones for long stretches of time. Those opting for a career should not be sea
sick.
Engineers need to be resourceful and practical;
skilled at Maths and Physics; have in-depth knowledge about the workings of the
different machines. Manual dexterity is a must; one should be willing to learn
new ways and work with modern technology; and able to work in the deck
department as well if need arises.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job Prospects
Merchant Navy is the backbone of international
trade, carrying cargo across the globe. Without the merchant navy, much of the
import-export business would grind to a halt. Therefore trained personnel is
required for various departments of the ship and this widens the scope for
employment in this field.
They are offered jobs in the following major
areas :
- By various shipping companies in the government and private sector.
- Foreign shipping companies also offer good job prospects.
Career options
Deck Department
The Deck Officers: Deck officer or
navigation officer as the name suggests is in charge of the navigation of the
ship. That particular department is called Deck department. Thecaptain or the master of
the ship is in charge of the ship. He is not only responsible for the safe
navigation of the vessel but also for the discipline on the ship and safety of
passengers, crew and the cargo. He must ensure the observance of national and
international codes of conduct guiding sea transportation. The captain of the
ship is further assisted by first mate, second mate and third mates. The First Mate /
Chief officer is the right-hand man to the Captain; the second in-command. He
overseers all the cargo planning, assists during navigation, allocates duties
and work for the maintenance and upkeep of the ship to the Deck Cadets and deck
crew, ensures that discipline and order are maintained. The Second Mate /
Second officer, assistant to the First Mate is in-charge of checking all mails and
keeping the navigational equipment and charts in good condition and also
assists in navigational watches at sea and cargo watches at port. The Third Mate /
Third officer is responsible for keeping safety equipments -the lifeboats,
firefighting and signaling equipment in top condition; acts in the capacity of
signal officer and assists with cargo work.
The deck department also has other staff with
specific duties called 'ratings'. They act as look outs and helmsmen, assist
with the securing of the ship as it docks at ports and help clean tanks and
holds before the cargo is placed in them.
Engine Department
Marine Engineers: Marine Engineers have the complete
responsibility of the ship's engine room. The main personnel in this department
is the Ship engineer/chief engineerwho ensures safe and
economic running of all engines, boilers, electrical, refrigerating and
sanitary equipment, deck machinery and steam connections aboard the ship. He
supervises the work of the engine-room crew and is assisted in his duties by
the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Engineers and other junior personnel.
Second engineer looks after the day to
day work in the engine room. Third engineer is in charge of the main engine, spare parts for
the main engine, all purifiers, boilers, compressors etc. Fourth and
fifth engineers are in charge of the numerous generators onboard ship as well as
certain small pumps.
Besides the officers of the navigation and
engineering teams most ships have a Radio Officer and an Electrical officer. The Radio Officer is in
charge of the radio room and handles the operation of the wireless and
transmitting of signals. Electrical Officer is responsible for the functioning
and handling of all electrical equipment onboard the vessel. There is another
one named seaconny, who ensures that the ship is on course and that the gangway
at port is well-guarded.
Service Department
The work undertaken here revolves around the
living and catering services for all the crew on board. A chief steward heads a large team of
stewards, bakers, messmen etc. Apart from this, the department also has other
services such as the services of Divers for underwater
examination of the heel of the ship, propellers, pipes etc. Light Keepers, who operate light
house signaling equipment to guide incoming and passing ships, and Nautical
surveyors, who prepare charts of particular regions of the seas, with regard
to topography and conditions of the sea.
Remuneration
The starting salary varies between Rs 15,000 to
Rs 20,000 a month. A person gets a variety of benefits such as free food,
accommodation, paid leave, two-way free passage and facilities for families. In
other words, the salary can be saved totally while one is on ship. The
perquisites include bonus, holiday travel and other annual benefits. Foreign
companies pay higher, and a starting salary of $ 1,500 to $ 2,500 can be
expected.
Careers in Fashion Technology
India
which has always been a centre for the textile and garment trade is also
growing into a centre of innovation in garment and accessory design. Fashion
technology has a wide scope for choosing a career. Now the fashion industry has
become so specialized that it encompasses a vast field of studies in design,
concept management, design production management, quality control, planning,
fabric design, printing, fashion accessory design, fashion merchandising,
textile science, colour mixing, marketing and so on.
The primary areas of work in the fashion
industry are market research, designing and manufacturing of garments and
textiles.
Fashion design is the most important area of
work in fashion industry. Designing involves creating original designs after
studying the changing trends of the market i.e market research. It has various
fields of specialisation like garments, footwear, jewellery and even luggage.
It is a challenging field as it requires the coordination of various jobs, in
small concerns it is usually a one man show but in big organisations the jobs
are specialised and allotted to different people.
Manufacturing involves purchasing textiles and
fabrics required for the design and making the garment according to the master
pattern. Manufacturing process requires employment of a large number of trained
personnel.
Eligibility
Minimum eligibility for the Undergraduate course
in this field is 10+2 with 50% marks and for Post Graduate courses graduation.
In the prominent institutes, admission is strictly on merit- through written
test, situation test, group discussion and interview. These courses are aimed
at understanding concepts related to costume, jewellery, leather goods and many
other similar products where fashion matters.
The courses include Graduate, Post graduate,
Certificate and Diploma in the following areas:
- Accessory designing and fashion designing
- Garment Manufacturing Technology
- Apparel marketing and Merchandising
- Leather and Garment Design and Technology
- Knitwear Design and Technology
- Textile Design and Development
- Fashion Journalism and Presentation
While 10+2 is sufficient for Accessory designing
and Fashion Designing, Graduates are preferred for other courses.
The training also includes internship in an
organization which gives the students industry functions. Training is usually
imparted keeping in mind the demands of the international market. Most training
institutes have the latest technologies including laboratories, workshops,
design and research centers, libraries, computers and information about the
latest development in the industry.
Prominent institutes in Fashion Technology are
National institute of Fashion technology (NIFT), National Institute of Design
(NID), International Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi (IIFT); IEC
School of Art and Fashion, New Delhi; Indian Institute of Art and Fashion
Technology (IIAFT), Mumbai; Pearl Academy of fashion, New Delhi; J.D Institute
of fashion Technology, New Delhi.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job Prospects
The candidates after successful completion of
the course can find excellent placements in garment, leather and jewellery
industry as merchandising executives, fashion designers, illustrators, fashion
co-coordinators, etc. Export houses, textile mills, garment store chains,
boutiques, leather companies, jewellery houses, fashion show organisers also
look for such candidates.
Career Options in Fashion Industry
Fashion Designing
Fashion designers develop new styles and
products for clothing apparel and accessories by creating original designs or
by adapting fashions to suit local conditions, trends and buyers. They are the
ones who approve final samples before they go into production. The designer
begins the designing process only after thorough market research, i.e.,
understanding the needs of the client/market in terms of changing trends,
budget etc. Accessory Designers specialise in designing shoes, bags, scarves,
jewellery, ties, etc which complete the look of the garment.
Personal Attributes: Fashion designers need
to be artistic, creative and must posses ability to translate ideas in
sketches, must have keen sense of colour i.e. combination of shades and tones,
visual imagination & knowledge of market trends.
Educational Qualification: Basic qualification for
a course in fashion designing is 10+2, it varies depending on the course
chosen.
Job Prospectus: They can find employment
with professional designers as apprentices, with manufacturing units, export
houses, boutiques, media as costume designers, freelancing for fashion houses
and boutiques and at the same time it is a rewarding possibility for self
employment by opening your own boutique.
Fashion coordinators arrange and supervise the
marketing of fashion clothing for manufacturing houses, textile firms and
retail stores. It is a highly competitive job involving a variety of functions.
They advice on latest fashion trends, organise fashion shows, assist in
advertising i.e. promoting sales and liaison with fabric dealers to ensure that
the fabric, buttons and colours are of the correct shade, quality and design.
Coordinates may be required to travel widely to get an idea of the fashion trends.
Personal Attributes: Must have high level of
artistic and creative talents, a natural flair for fashion, sound judgement,
excellent communication and organisational skills.
Illustrator draw free hand sketches of designers
ideas. They not only need outstanding sketching skills but at the same time
requires excellent communication skills. Illustrator at times has to discuss
with customers when new collection is introduced and this requires ability to
interact.
He/she is a much sought-after person by big
garment houses and organisations.
Fashion Consultant must be aware of the trends
and transitions in the fashion market along with knowledge about fashion
designing. They are expected to offer ideas regularly on how to further develop
a product to be readily absorbed in a market. He/she should be a sharp observer
sensitive to changing trends.
Cutting Assistants have to cut samples according
to specifications of the designer. A cutting assistant cuts samples, makes and
alters patterns to see that the design visualised can be converted to a real
dress.
Sketching Assistants make the technical sketches
of the garments and makes drawings for presentation. It is from this
specification sketches one decide how a garment has to be fabricated. The
sketching assistant sometimes have to the select the fabric also.
Fashion Stylist has to coordinate the entire
wardrobe for a fashion show or programme to promote the sales of the products.
It involves coordinating the dress, accessories, make up, hairstyle, even the
colour of the nail polish of the model according to the theme and the overall
look of the show. Sometimes a stylist is even involved in fabric selection. He/
she has to be well versed in the trends and happenings in the industry and also
have a keen sense of current fashion trends.
Textile Designing
Textile Designer or Fabric Designer: designs woven, knitted
or printed fabrics for clothing and other home ware items like carpets,
tableware etc. They treat the yarn through different types of processes to give
it a particular finish. The textile designer also make drawings of initial
concepts and work with various yarns and fabrics taking into account the final
use of the fabric by translating the designs into marketable fabrics.
Textile designers work within and alongside
industries such as fashion, interior design, and textiles. They may also work
under professional designers or as freelance designers working with a client
base.
Colourist play a vital role in the textile-printers,
artist team. They are involved in block printing or machine printing. They must
keep a record of colour samples and fabric pieces and have to work in a high
paced environment, to meet deadlines. The colourist has to be very organised
and must carefully follow precise instructions.
The other career options in textile designing
are weavers, embroidery designers, dying & printing consultant, fabric
analyser, textile lab manager, fabric resource manager etc.
Apparel Merchandising
Fashion Merchandisers are mainly responsible
for marketing. He/she has to study past and current sales data and analyse
trends. They have to collect specifications from the buyers, coordinate with
fashion designers and production team to develop a product which meets market
requirement. They must have knowledge of fashion trends, textures, materials
and colours on one hand and understanding of market demand and the production
processes on the other. At the same time have analytical ability and
communication skills.
They can find employment with garment
industries, export houses, manufacturing firms etc.
Visual merchandising a comparatively new career
field which has sprung up with the growing popularity of window and floor
displays. Visual merchandisers main area of work is to create impressive window
displays. They can find employment with fashion boutiques, shopping malls,
emporia etc. They are also engaged as shop floor managers. They can also do
freelancing on contract basis for window displays in exhibitions, fairs and
other places.
Other career options under this head are
production coordinator, quality control supervisor, fashion retailer, export
manager etc.
Fashion Journalism and Presentation
Fashion Journalist is an overall in-charge of a
fashion magazine. It is through them that the general public gets to know the
latest fashion trends.
He/she should have excellent taste for fashion
and keep themselves abreast with latest fashion news, consumer reaction to new
collections, fashion shows, current and future trends in colour, design and
fabric. Today fashion journalist has a bright scope for employment as there is
a need for exclusive articles and programmes with the development of fashion
industry.
Fashion Photography is an extremely creative
and well paid profession. Fashion photographer needs to have a keen eye for
aesthetic detail, a thorough knowledge of cameras and the technicalities
involved in taking pictures, of light, distance and perspective to be
successful. He/she should be inventive and able to visualise and communicate
his ideas, at the same time must be sensitive to the moods of the models and
interact freely with them. Fashion photography is one of the choices that
photographers can diversify into. They can do freelancing and find employment
with fashion houses, designers, fashion journals and news papers.
Modelling If you have an attractive and outgoing
personality and good communication skills, you can opt for modelling. Modelling
is a highly paid job and is categorised into live modelling and photographic
modelling. Live modelling is what we see in fashion shows, exhibitions where
models display clothes and accessories for potential customers. Photographic or
still modelling is taking photographs for Magazines, newspapers, catalogues and
films for advertisements. One must take care to maintain their figure and
looks, as modelling is a highly competitive field. Good looks, height, an
attractive physique combined with self confidence and a trendy approach to life
goes a long way to make a model popular. In addition they should be highly
photogenic. Patience and the ability to stand criticism are vital for survival
and progress.
Models can find employment with designers, in
design houses, advertisement firms etc.
Fashion Stylist has to coordinate the
entire wardrobe for a fashion show or programme to promote the sales of the
products. It involves coordinating the dress, accessories, make up, hairstyle,
even the colour of the nail polish of the model according to the theme and the
overall look of the show. Sometimes a stylist is even involved in fabric selection.
He/she has to be well versed in the trends and happenings in the industry and
also have a keen sense of current fashion trends.
Remuneration
The best bet for a beginner is to get associated
with an established designer or design house, and begin with doing the menial
work. Most trainee designers get a stipend of around Rs. 4000, but what you can
learn in terms of working knowledge is immense. Working as a part of a design
team fetches around Rs.12,000 a month.
Careers in Video Jockey
With
the advent of various music channels on TV, Video jockeying is becoming an
exciting career option for the music crazy generation. The main job of the VJ
is to introduce music videos and host music related shows on Television. But as
competition increases, music channels are on the trend of incorporating many
diverse shows to attract the public, especially the youth. So the VJ's area of
work involves apart from introducing videos; hosting game to travel shows to
youth forums, chatting with the public, doing interviews with artists and music
celebrities etc. In short, they act as intermediary figures between the
audience and the musicians or music videos. It may also involve off- camera
work like deciding on the theme and choosing the songs to suit the theme of the
show, participating in promotionals like road shows, attending theme parties
and with experience, even writing script for the show at times.
VJs must constantly keep up-to-date on the
latest trends in music, all the latest videos and information about music stars
and other celebrities. In that sense, they take upon a more journalistic role.
They also should have a well-rounded knowledge of all types of music and also
should be informed about a bit of everything from films to politics to travel
whatever the theme the show demands. Some of them specialize in a particular
area or genre of music. They must be able to answer any queries about music and
must fulfill their roles as experts. Vj's interact with the viewers through
telephone, e-mail or fax.
Jockeying generally involves three areas and as
such Jockeys are called a Video Jockey (VJ), Radio Jockey (RJ) and Disc Jockey
(DJ). They all deal with music but while VJ's present shows on TV, RJ's do it
on Radio and DJ's in live shows in clubs, restaurants, Music stores etc.
Eligibility: No specific educational
background or formal training is required to be a VJ, except some personal
attributes. However a background in mass communication, visual communication or
the performing arts comes in handy.
An interest and love for music is an essential
aspect. Along with that, excellent body language and dress sense, a pleasant
voice, good command over the required language depending on the medium,
presence of mind and a good knowledge of music anyone can aspire to be a VJ.
One has to get to know about the various styles of music, musicians and albums.
With the changing trends one also needs to be well informed generally on topics
like politics, travel and what is new.
Command over language is important as video
jockey needs to talk a lot. Some amount of voice training would definitely help
as VJs need a voice that's clear, pleasant and strong. He should be able to
take split second decisions, answer promptly, be energetic and have a wonderful
sense of humour to make the show interesting. He may also need to work erratic
hours and travel extensively.
Job Prospects and
Career Options: VJs are mainly employed by Music channels, Producers of music
shows and film based programmes. Besides popular prospective employers like MTV,
Channel V, B4U music, MCM Asia etc, there are many number of channels including
regional ones who are in demand of VJ's. But it is not easy to get a break in
the field. You may be employed on a contract basis per show or on a full time
basis. There will be paper adds calling VJ's or VJ hunts advertised on TV. The
selection will be tough, which may include a test on paper, on voice modulation
or facing the camera. Your screen presence, physique and voice, and ability to
stand out in the crowd will go a long way in being selected.
Once you are selected, there is no such thing as
hierarchy in this profession. Beginners with talent may get to handle their own
shows within the first 6 months. It mainly depends on your ability. Besides the
excellent pay, you get to host shows in the country or abroad, meet
celebrities, and be on the glam walk of life. Keeping up the popularity for
long is not easy and as such this profession is a short lived one. The rule is
make hay while it lasts. But the profession gives you ample scope to diversify
to various fields such as Modeling, Theatre (direction/acting), Film (acting),
Music videos (directing/acting/choreography), Anchoring, News casting, PR etc.
that generally VJ's do. The more popular you get through veejaying the more the
choices you may have.
Remuneration: There is a great scope
for the profession with the explosion of satellite channels and more and more
music channels being launched. The success of the music show depends entirely
on the VJ's ability to connect with the audience and make them come back for
more. Although this is a short lived career, within that short time span, a
successful VJ can earn between 10,000 to 25000, running up to lakhs depending
upon the popularity of the show. Apart from the earnings, the glamour and
popularity associated with the profession attracts youngsters to the field.
Careers in Medicine
Medicine
is one of the most sort out and rewarding career for those interested in
Science and dealing with sick people. Over the years, the field of medical
studies have undergone various stages of development, it has become so vast
that specialisations within are increasing day by day. There is great scope for
medicine as a professional career.
A doctor's profession involves a lot of hard
work and at the same time, it gives the satisfaction of curing patients at
times even saving lives. It is a very demanding profession. To be in this
profession is more a responsibility than a privilege. It is more of what you
can give the community than what you can get from it.
The increasing complicated lifestyles giving
birth to a variety of ailments have made it impossible for General Physicians
with an MBBS degree to handle all ailments. It is here that specialisation in a
particular branch of medicine becomes a necessity. The major Specialisations
include General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics &
Gynaecology, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, ENT (Ear, Nose and
Throat), Psychiatry, Anesthesiology etc. There is also Super Specialisations
which require a further 3-5 years of study in areas such as Plastic Surgery,
Neurosurgery, Cardio-thoracic surgery, Conito-urinary surgery, Paediatric
Surgery, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Clinical Haematology.
The demand for medical professionals are
tremendously increasing with the unfortunate upsurge of diseases and ailments
day by day. At the same time super specialty hospitals are mushrooming both
within the country and abroad offering employment opportunities. These along
with liberalization of economy could bring better opportunities for these
professionals in terms of remuneration, research and working facilities.
Other than Allopathy, medicine also covers
different systems like Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani etc.
Eligibility
Educational: The basic or degree
level qualification for a medical profession is MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine And
Bachelor Of Surgery) which is of 5 1/2 years duration (including 1 year
internship). Selection for MBBS is through an All India Entrance Examination.
(Details in Entrance Details & Syllabus). The qualification required for
entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science subjects. In the case of private
medical colleges entrance examinations are conducted by the institutes
individually. In addition to MBBS, candidate should complete House Surgency or
internship for one year.
The course content includes anatomy, physiology,
biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, forensic medicine, general
medicine, surgery, ophthalmology, ENT (ear, nose and throat), gynaecology and
obstetrics, paediatrics, orthopaedics and preventive and social medicine.
After MBBS, candidates can go for post graduate
level studies (MD or MS) through another entrance. At the post graduate level,
there is specialisation in Medicine and Surgery. Post Graduate Programmes (MD
or MS) is usually of 3 years duration. The major Specialisations include
General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology,
Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat),
Psychiatry, Anesthesiology etc.
Those with Post Graduation (MD or MS or M.Sc in
Medicine) can further opt for super-specialisation. i.e. they can go for Ph.D
in any specialised area of medicine. MD or MS holders can complete the Doctoral
Programme (Ph.D) in 2 years and M.Sc Medicine holders in 3 years.
For practicing as a physician or surgeon, one
needs to have completed the MBBS course from a recognised medical college and
must possess a license from the State Medical Council to practice.
Personal Attributes: Should have good memory
and recollection ability, service mentality, stamina, patience, power of
concentration, emotional stability, logical and analytical mind, willingness to
learn throughout their career, ability to take timely decisions, self
-motivation etc. A doctor is also expected to possess a strong sense of
responsibility as the patient's life depends entirely on him.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Career options/Specialisations
Some of the common areas of specialisation in
Medicine and Surgery are:
General Practitioner or Physician: He diagnosis and treats
the every day and sundry ailments of the human body. MBBS holders practice as
physicians.
General Surgeon: Is one who specialises
in surgery for all org
ans of the body. He can further specialise in
specific areas. Duties involve examining the patient to determine the extent
and nature of injury, treatment through operation and giving post operative
care. Surgery is of various types Orthopaedic, Plastic, Neuro etc.
Anaesthetist or Anaesthesiologists: Administers anesthetics
to a patient undergoing surgical operation according to the nature of
operation. It is he who makes the surgical procedure as painless as possible.
His duties involve examining the patient to determine his capacity to withstand
shock of operation and anesthesia. He/she has huge responsibility and has to be
present throughout the operation.
Psychiatrist: Diagnoses and treats mental
disorders. Psychiatry has two major branches: The first is psychotherapy, the
application of psychological techniques to the treatment of mental illnesses.
This branch uses non-drug therapies and will not use physical techniques such
as drugs or surgery. The second branch is psychiatry, where medical therapies
are used. After diagnosing physical and behavioural symptoms, drugs and other
means may be used for treatment.
Neurologist: Diagnosis and treats
diseases related to brain and nervous system. They also specialise in
Neuro-surgery.
Pediatrician: Treats newborn babies
and children.
Ophthalmologist or Eye Specialist: Treats diseases and
disorders of eyes.
Pathologist: Investigate the cause of various diseases and
the possibilities for their prevention. His duties involve conducting chemical,
microscopic and bacteriological test in labs and examining blood, tissues,
urine etc. to find out the cause for disease.
Cardiologist: Also called as heart specialist. Treats diseases
related to heart and circulatory system.
Gynaecologist-Obstetrician: Diagnosis and treats diseases and
disorders of human female reproduction system. They care for pregnant women
from conception through delivery.
Dermatologist: One who specializes in
the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems.
Orthopaedist: Deals with diseases
connected to skeletal system. Orthopedics is that branch of medicine that deals
with the correction of deformities and prevention of disorders in joints,
muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, all bones and bony tissue.
Gastroenterologist: Treats diseases related
to liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, bowels and gall bladder
Radiologist: Diagnosis diseases and
disorders by studying X-ray pictures of affected parts and gives treatment such
as therapeutic radiation to affected parts of the body.
ENT specialist: Treats disorders of ear,
nose and throat
Tuberculosis Specialist: Treats ailments due to
infection by tubercular disease
Venereologist: Treats venereal or sexual diseases.
Bacteriologist: Also called
Microbiologist. Conducts research and laboratory experiments on occurrence,
growth, development, control and utilization of bacteria and other
micro-organisms.
Physiologist: Studies normal functioning of different organs
and tissues of human body and investigates effects of physical environments
such as variations in altitude, speed, temperature etc on its vital functions.
Nutritionist: Gives instructions
regarding food values and utilization of foods in human body to keep it healthy
and control diseases. He prescribes diet for various diseases.
Chiropodist: Also called pedicurist,
treats foot diseases and abnormalities. He treats corns, blisters etc using
surgical instruments.
Job Prospects:
They can find employment
- In Government or private hospitals
- In Nursing homes/clinics/health departments
- In medical services of the army, navy and air force, under the Ministry of Defense
- In charitable institutions
- In medical colleges and training institutes as teachers
- In research institutes and medical colleges as researchers
- In the industrial sector
- Private practice/ self employment
Remuneration
The earnings of a doctor through private
practice depends on his/her popularity. The doctors who are working in
government hospitalrs are well paid. The pay varies for those working with
private hospitals. It may vary from Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000.
Dentists beginning their careers in government
hospitals can expect their salaries to be around Rs 7,000, and those who hold
post graduate degrees can begin at salaries of Rs. 8,000. A dentist setting up
a private practice can earn, on an average, Rs 6,000 a month.
Other Streams in
Medicine
Dentistry
Dentistry deals with medical or surgical
treatment of diseases and disorders related to teeth, gums and soft tissues of
mouth. The basic degree is BDS- Bachelor of dental surgery for which
eligibility is 10+2 with Science. At Master level (MDS) specialisation is
possible in areas such as Operative Dentistry, Oral Surgery etc. Admission to
the Masters Programme requires BDS plus 2 years of experience.
Selection of BDS is through the same All India
Entrance Examination as for MBBS. (Details in Entrance Details & Syllabus).
The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science
subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are
conducted by the institutes individually.
Areas of Specialization:
Dentistry has many specializations:
ORTHODONTICS deals with straightening and aligning teeth and jaws.
PERIODONTICS specialises in the care of gums and the diseases that might affect them.
OPERATIVE DENTISTRY for root canal jobs, filling and cosmetic surgery.
PROSTHODONTICS involves the making of artificial teeth.
ORAL SURGERY deals specifically with operation on the mouth and jaw.
ORAL PATHOLOGY provides the diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth.
Dentistry has many specializations:
ORTHODONTICS deals with straightening and aligning teeth and jaws.
PERIODONTICS specialises in the care of gums and the diseases that might affect them.
OPERATIVE DENTISTRY for root canal jobs, filling and cosmetic surgery.
PROSTHODONTICS involves the making of artificial teeth.
ORAL SURGERY deals specifically with operation on the mouth and jaw.
ORAL PATHOLOGY provides the diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth.
Job Prospects:
Job opportunities include employment in
government or private hospitals, Defence Services, Nursing homes, Poly-
clinics, Research and Health centers, Medical colleges etc. There is also scope
to do your own practice while being visiting specialists at various hospitals
or visiting faculty at Medical colleges.
Ayurveda
Ayurveda is a very ancient system which evolved
around 600 BC in India. Ayurvedic treatments are person specific rather than
disorder specific. It uses mixes of natural herbs as medicine and has very
effective treatment for all kinds of ailments especially paralysis.
In Ayurveda, which is basically a humoural
medical system, diseases are understood as an imbalance between the body's
three humors. The three humors are Vata (nerve energy), Pitta (catabolic fire
energy) and Kapha (anabolic nutritive energy).
Eligibility for the Bachelor course is 10+2 with
Science. The duration of the Bachelor programme i.e. BAMS- Bachelor of
Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (Ayurvedacharya) is five and half years
including six months of internship. For Post graduate study,
'Ayurvedachaspati', the period of study is three years. Ph.D is also awarded in
Ayurveda (Ayurvedavidyavariddhi) which is of two years duration.
Selection of BAMS is through the same All India
Entrance Examination as for MBBS. (Details in Entrance Details & Syllabus).
The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science
subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are
conducted by the institutes individually.
They can find employment in Government and
private hospitals, charitable institutions, medical colleges and training
institutes as teachers, research institutes etc. Another option most suited for
them is to do private practice.
Homeopathy
Homeopathy is a system of medicine which is
practiced on the principle, that a drug and a disease which produce similar
symptoms cancel each other out in some way thereby restoring the patients to
health. The principle of 'Like can cure Like' forms the basis of Homeopathy. It
is named after the Greek words, ' Homeo' meaning similar and 'Pathos' meaning
suffering or treatment by the same. This system of healing was founded by a
German doctor, Samuel Christian Hahnemann (1755) and is recognised as an
effective means of treating diseases. Though this system was developed abroad,
it has become an integral part of the Indian way of life. There are many
institutes imparting Homeopathy courses in India.
Eligibility for bachelor course i.e. BHMS
(Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) is 10+2 in physics, chemistry,
Biology and English with minimum 45 % marks. The duration of the course is five
and half years, including internship. There is also a Diploma course of four
year duration. At post graduate level, there is MD in Homeopathy which is of
three years duration.
Selection of BHMS is through the same All India
Entrance Examination as for MBBS. (Details in Entrance Details & Syllabus).
The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science
subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are
conducted by the institutes individually.
They can find employment in Government and
private hospitals or clinics, charitable institutions, research institutes as
researchers, medical colleges and training institutes as teachers etc. Another
option to do private practice.
Careers in Electronics Engineering
Electronics
Engineering is one of the largest and fastest growing industries. It covers a
wide range of applications we use daily and which make our life easier and
enjoyable such as Television, Radio, computers, telecommunication etc. They
helps us to see, hear and communicate over vast distances and do things faster.
Electronics has a major role in improving productivity in industries like oil,
energy, agriculture and so many other important sectors of economy. In steel,
petroleum and chemical industries it is the electronic devices that direct,
control and test production processes. Health care industry depend on
electronic instruments to perform chemical tests and to check body functions.
The safety in transportation, factories and mines and in homes rely heavily on
electronics. The uses are endless.
An Electronics engineer must find new solutions
to the practical problems affecting our daily lives. An electronics engineer
will work in team with other specialists to design, fabricate, produce, test
and supervise the manufacture of complex products and systems i.e electronic
equipments and components for a number of industries including hospitals, computer
industry, electronic data processing systems for communication and in defense
etc. They supervise production and manufacturing processes and oversee
installation and maintenance. Electronics engineers work with devices that use
extremely small amounts of power. They work with microprocessors, fibre optics,
and in telecommunication, television, radio etc.
Electronics engineering is a constantly changing
and widening branch of the engineering profession. Electronics industry being a
labour intensive industry provides many job opportunities for the skilled job
seekers. Increased production and demand by government and businesses for
communication equipment, computers and military electronics along with consumer
demand and increased research and development on robots and other types of
automation contributes to the growth of employment opportunities in the field.
Candidates having a creative and inventive mind and also are good at physics
and mathematics will probably find electronics engineering a challenging and
lucrative career.
Eligibility
Educational: To become an electronics engineer one needs to
have a degree in electronics engineering (BE / B.Tech) or must have passed the
AMIE (Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers) in electronics
or Graduate membership Examination of the Institution of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineers or at least a diploma in Electronics Engineering. A
post graduate degree is required for most research or teaching posts and
management positions. An additional degree in business administration is
desirable for those seeking administrative or management positions.
The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B.Tech
is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
Admission to these courses is highly competitive and only those with high
academic performance in the board of examination i.e the marks secured in the
final exams of 10+2 and in the entrance test can expect admission. Entrance to
the IIT's is through 'JEE' (Joint Entrance Exam) and for other major
institutions through AIEEE (All India Engineering/Pharmacy/Architecture
Entrance Examination) OR their own separate entrance exams and other state
level and national level exams.
Duration:
The duration is 4 Years for BE / B.Tech courses.
The diploma courses in polytechnics are of 3 years duration.
The focus in the study programme is on
understanding electronic networks and devices, electromagnetic field theory,
computer fundamentals, as also their protection, and communication and control
systems.
Personal Attributes: A creative and inventive
mind and an interest in physics and mathematics is essential to take up this
challenging career. They should have good analytical skills, an eye for detail,
sustained attention and the ability to work as part of a team. They should also
have good communication skills.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
An electronics engineer can get a job in Central
Government, State Governments and their sponsored corporations in public
enterprises and the private organizations like All India Radio, Indian
Telephone Industries, MTNL, National Physical Laboratories, AIR, Civil Aviation
Department; Post and Telegraph Department; Co-ordination Department, National
Physical Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Development Centers in various
States etc. dealing in manufacture, sales and services of electronics consumer
goods and appliances. Electronics engineers are also absorbed into the
entertainment transmission industry, research establishments, and defense. They
can also take up teaching and research in one of the many engineering colleges
in India or abroad.
Career Options
As an Electronic Engineer, entry for junior
posts in the Government departments is by direct recruitment through
advertisements in newspapers. Selection to Gazetted posts is through the
competitive examinations conducted by Union and State Public Service
Commission. UPSC conducts an Engineering Service Examination (Telecommunication
and Electronics Engineering group) annually for vacancies in Central
Engineering Services and various State Public Service commissions conduct their
own competitive Exams for vacancies in State engineering services.
In the Defence Services, young engineers start
as Second Lieutenants. For selection into the Defence Services- Indian Army,
Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, applications are invited through National
dailies and Employment News.
Similarly vacancies in the private and public
sector are advertised through leading daily newspapers of the country and the
Employment News. Mostly the candidates are interviewed after thorough scrutiny
of their basic inputs and the selections are made on merit. Central Electronics
Ltd., Indian Railways, Atomic Energy Commission, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited,
Ministry of Civil Aviation, Directorate General Posts and Telegraphs
Departments etc are some of the prospective employers in the field.
Electronic Engineers can start their own
business by manufacture electronic parts, goods and components. He can also
start a repair or assembly shop for television receivers, amplifiers, recording
equipment etc. Since electronics is a labour intensive and talent -oriented
field, it gives high returns for a given initial investment. Loan facilities
are offered by banks and Small Scale Industries Development Corporations for
starting a business.
Remuneration
Earnings of an electronic engineer vary with
market demand and among organisations. Working experience, qualifications,
ability are important factors in determining the pay level. In India, a
bachelor's degree candidate in electronics engineering can receive a starting
salary of Rs.7500 up to Rs 15,000 approximately with 1-2 years experience.
Careers in Veterinary Science
Veterinary
Science is the science of diagnosing, treating and curing the diverse types of
diseases in birds and animals. The subject broadly covers the study of animal
physiology, treatment and prevention of diseases among animals. The basic
principles of this specialized branch of study are quite similar to that of
human medical sciences. But the job profile of a veterinary doctor or a vet is
much more than that of a general physician or a surgeon. It involves not only
taking care of animal health but also includes scientific breeding and handling
of livestock.
Besides giving treatment, Vets perform surgery,
prevent spreading of diseases in animals by administering timely vaccination
and medicines and give advice on care of pets and farm animals. Their
activities may also include Animal husbandry- animal breed improvement by
'selection breeding' and artificial insemination, animal research in order to
control spread of diseases transmitted through animals; thus protecting the
public from exposure to diseases carried by animals, wildlife conservation, poultry
management and health care, livestock insurance and rural development. Broadly
a veterinary doctor has a major role in the conservation of livestock and
domestic animal wealth.
Veterinary doctors deal with the treatment, care
and handling of domestic pets, livestock, animals in the zoo, laboratory,
sporting animals or animals with the government's animal husbandry departments.
They take up practice exclusively of either large animals such as cattle
including horses, pigs, sheep; poultry etc or small animals mainly household
pets including dogs, cats, birds etc. or both. The approach in treatment vary
according to different animals. The vets must be familiar with the many breeds
of pets or livestock and the characteristics of each so that they can recommend
diets, exercise regiments and treatment, specific to the breed.
The scope for veterinarians in the future is
bright. As keeping pets is becoming a fad now, the demand for private
veterinary clinics is on the rise in metropolitan cities. And similarly, there
has been an unprecedented growth in the poultry sector and animal products’
technology sector, resulting.
Eligibility
To practice as a veterinarian it is essential to
have a Bachelor's degree in Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc.). To be eligible for
the Bachelor's in Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc & AH)
course, a candidate should have passed the class 12 examination with science
subjects such as Physics, Che mistry and Biology.
Selection : Admission to most veterinary colleges is on the
basis of results obtained in the entrance examination conducted by the
concerned universities. Veterinary Council of India conducts an 'All India
Common Entrance examination' (AICEE) for admission to first year Bachelor of
Veterinary Science (BVSc) & Animal Husbandry (AH) degree course for filling
up 15% of the total number of seats of each veterinary college of all states;
about 36 colleges where Indian Veterinary council Act, 1984 extends. This
Entrance exam is usually held in the month of May each year. For admission to
masters degree programme, an All India Entrance Examination is conducted by the
Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR).
The duration of the BVSc & AH varies from
four and a half years to five years, including the period of internship. The
first four years of the training programme are devoted to imparting skills
through theoretical and practical training in various disciplines, like
anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, nutrition, livestock management and
production, production technology, pathology, microbiology, pharmacology,
genetics and breeding, gynaecology, surgery, medicine and animal husbandry
extension, among others and the fifth year is devoted to hands-on training, of
which six months is through internship. The internship includes three months’
training at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex (TVCSC) under the
supervision of a senior clinician and in field veterinary hospitals on a
rotation basis. Veterinary students undergo a one-month practical training in
livestock production and management at animal farms, then one-month training in
poultry production and management and another one-month training in livestock
products’ technology and other services. Apart from learning to treat animals,
training is also provided in dairying and poultry sciences.
Generally after doing B.VSc, most candidates go
on to do a post graduation, namely a Master in Veterinary Science. The
Postgraduate course in Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc.) is a 2 year course and the
candidate has the option to specialize in areas like medicine, surgery,
anatomy, bacteriology, biochemistry, cardiology, dermatology, microbiology,
molecular biology, anaesthesia, gynaecology, pathology, toxicology, virology
pharmacology, etc. For jobs in the research and teaching areas, a post-graduate
degree in veterinary science and animal husbandry is a minimum qualification,
while a Ph.D. is preferred.
Personal Skills : The first and foremost
attribute required for a good veterinarian is genuine love and compassion for
animals. A good vet must read the signs from the animal's behavior and diagnose
the ailment. As the animals cannot describe the problem, vets have to diagnose
it skillfully. Vets must also be able to handle emergencies and work in
physically disagreeable conditions, or in rural areas where working hours may
be long and irregular, and working conditions uncomfortable. Working with large
animals requires physical stamina and quick body reflexes to tackle the
animal's moody behavior and should be able to instinctively gauge the animal's
condition. A vet should have the ability to put the animals at ease, to do
teamwork, have powers of observation and self reliance, adaptability,
indifference to the occasionally disagreeable conditions of work. He needs to
be extra sensitive and patient.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Veterinary science offers a large number of
avenues of work and the demand for Veterinary doctors has increased
tremendously. Veterinarians can choose to work with the government animal
husbandry departments, poultry farms, dairy farms, sheep and rabbit farms, race
clubs, stud farms, private and government veterinary hospitals and clinics.
Wildlife sanctuaries and zoological parks as well as aviaries need
veterinarians. The Army and the Border Security Forces also employ
veterinarians for the care and treatment of their mounted regiments which have
horses, mules, camels and dogs. Private practice is another option they can
consider. Teaching is another option as experienced professionals are recruited
in various institutions to train the new entrants to the field.
Besides regular practice, vets can also take up
research work, either on their own or in association with the government such
as ICAR (Indian council for Agricultural Research). Pharmaceutical industries
appoint veterinary scientists in their research and development divisions for
the research and development of drugs, chemicals and bio-products particularly
antibiotics and vaccines both for human and animal use. They can also work in
technical sales, agribusiness, marketing, pet food manufacturing industries and
in management of industries dealing with animal feed, animal products, milk and
meat products processing industries etc.
Remuneration
The amount of remuneration of a veterinarian
depends upon the kind of practice and the animals that are treated. An average
vet can earn between Rs.5, 000 to Rs.50, 000 per month. A private practitioner
may get lucrative monetary returns depending on his popularity and the number
of years of experience. He may be able to earn Rs. 40 - Rs. 500 per patient,
depending on the type of medical treatment the animal needs. As an Assistant
Professor, a vet can earn a salary over Rs 4,000. The government also has job
openings in this field, as livestock development officers, and the pay is Rs.
8,000 depending on position and experience.
Medical
Laboratory Technology also called Clinical laboratory science is an allied
health profession which is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of disease through the use of clinical laboratory tests. These tests
help doctors to detect, diagnose and treat diseases. A Medical Laboratory
Technologist (MLT) do these tests by analyzing body fluids, tissues, blood
typing, microorganism screening, chemical analyses, cell counts of human body
etc. They play an important role in collecting the information's needed,
sampling, testing, reporting and documentation of these investigations. They
determine the presence, extent or absence of disease and provide data needed to
evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
There are two levels of medical laboratory
workers - Technicians and Technologists.
Medical technologists work in five major areas
of the laboratory ie, in Blood banking, Clinical Chemistry (chemical analysis
of body fluids), Hematology (blood related), Immunology (study of immune
system) and Microbiology (study of bacteria and other disease organisms). They
also work in the areas of cytotechnology (study of human tissue), phlebotomy,
urinalysis, coagulation, parasitology and serology. Phlebotomists draw and test
blood where as Blood bank technologists determine correct blood types for
transfusions. Histology technicians cut and stain tissue samples.
Medical technologists have more training and job
responsibilities. They perform complex tests such as microscopic examinations
of tissues, blood and other body fluids to detect evidence of disease and
detect the presence of bacteria, fungi, parasites etc and chemical tests to determine
blood cholesterol levels. They also match blood samples for transfusions and
test drug levels in blood to determine how patients are responding to
medications. They are often responsible for making sure that testing is done
accurately. In some labs, technologists conduct research under the supervision
of medical researchers.
Medical technicians do routine laboratory
testing manually according to instructions. They work under Technologists or
supervisors. Technicians may prepare specimens and operate machines that
automatically analyze samples. In addition to running tests, technicians set
up, clean, and maintain laboratory equipment, such as centrifuges, microscopes
etc. They also prepare standard solutions for use in the lab. This involves
measuring and mixing the correct amount of various chemicals.
Some of the courses offered in Lab Technology
are Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Technology (BMLT), Diploma in Medical
Laboratory Technology (DMLT). BMLT course for Medical Lab Technologists is
structured to train students in the clinical Laboratory analysis of blood,
urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, ascetic fluid etc to aid the
doctors in arriving at a correct diagnosis and treatment of the disease. There
are also Diploma / Certificate courses for lab technicians / assistants in
general and in different specialties such as Diplomas in EEG Lab Technician,
Histopathology Lab Technician etc.
The authorities concerned with Medical lab
technology in India are All India Institute of Medial Technologists E-mail
Contact Us and All India Medical laboratory Technologists Association E-mail:
Contact Us.
The Medical Laboratory Technology Programs
provides its graduates with numerous employment possibilities in laboratories
throughout the country.
Eligibility
The basic eligibility criteria for Bachelor of
Medical Laboratory Technology (BMLT) is 10+2 or equivalent with Science
subjects Or Pre- University Vocational course from a recognized Board with
laboratory Technology as Vocational subject . BMLT is a 3 year programme.
Eligibility needed for Diploma in Medical
Laboratory Technology (DMLT) is 10+2 or equivalent examination farom a
recognised University or Board. Duration of the course is 2 years. There are
also other certificate courses in lab technicians which needs 10+2 as the
eligibility. Courses are offered by colleges, universities as well as
hospitals. The hospitals are usually affiliated with a college or university.
Personal Attributes - Some of the qualities
required for a lab technician/ technologist is the ability to conduct research,
finish tasks with speed as well as with accuracy, to handle stress, make
analytical judgment, interpreting technical/scientific data, knowledge of
laboratory instrumentation, mechanical ability and the ability to use
computers. They should have an eye for detail, be self-sufficient, precise,
dedicated and self-motivated. They should have stamina as they may need to work
a good deal of time, standing. They should exercise special care when handling
infectious materials or dangerous chemicals.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
The career of lab a worker depends on academic
and technical skills. A certified medical laboratory technician may find a
challenging career in a hospital, minor emergency centers, private laboratory,
blood donor centers, doctor's office or clinics. A technician an become a
technologist through further education and work experience.
Laboratory technologists can assist the doctors
in taking samples, centrifuging, making slides, using specified stains etc,
under proper guidance. As such, the demand for laboratory technologists will
always increase since the number of hospitals, specialty hospitals,
laboratories etc. are increasing. Job opportunities are also available in
research laboratories and military service.
Technologists can advance to supervisory or
management positions in labs and hospitals. They can also work as Laboratory
manager/Consultant/supervisor, health care Administrator, Hospital Outreach
coordination, laboratory information system Analyst/Consultant, educational
consultant / coordinator/ director, health and safety officer etc. Additional
opportunities are available in molecular diagnostics, molecular biotechnology
companies and in vitro fertilization laboratories as well as in research labs.
In the clinical areas, drug testing, therapeutic drug monitoring and
biogenetics are just a few of the specialties with openings. In industry,
medical technologists are needed for positions in product development,
marketing, sales, quality assurance, environmental health and insurance, among
others.
The Medical Laboratory Technologists/technician
may be assigned to a specialized area of work in a large medical lab. In small
labs, they may perform a variety of tests or all areas of lab work. Some of the
duties of an MLT include collecting blood samples from patients and identifying
abnormal blood cells, assuring safe transfusion of blood products, culturing
micro-organisms to determine their identity and susceptibility to antibiotics,
detecting a cancerous tumor with DNA technique, performing cultures and
identifying bacteria and viruses, analyzing body fluids to determine chemical
and biological components. Assuming administrative functions relative to
reporting and recording results of tests conducted in the laboratory,
maintaining accurate clinical records, selecting and evaluating laboratory
equipment and new test methodologies and performing other duties as may be
assigned by the laboratory supervisor. In large labs and hospitals, they may have
to work in shifts on holidays and weekends or sometimes be on call for night
duty.
Remuneration
The challenges and rewards of a Lab technician
is high. Employment of clinical laboratory workers is expected to grow fast.
The salary ranges from Rs.6,500 - 10,000 per month in hospitals and in clinics.
Careers in Dentistry
Dentistry,
a lucrative profession, is concerned with all health problems afflicting the
mouth, teeth, gums and other hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. It is
accepted as a professional field which includes dental care and correction.
Dentists help people maintain their health and appearance.
Dentistry is changing rapidly, creating many
opportunities and challenges. To an extent, it includes cosmetology where
corrective treatment is involved. Dentists improve patients' appearance by
using a wide variety of cosmetic dental procedures. These days, dentists are
assuming very important roles in the whole healthcare system. With an
increasing awareness of the importance of oral health and the introduction of
new fields like periodontics (care of gums and the diseases that might afflict
them), oral pathology (diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth ) and
orthodontics (straightening and aligning teeth and jaws) have all enhanced the
scope of this field.
Dentists or dental surgeons provide surgical,
medical and other forms of treatment for oral and dental disorders and diseases
by examining teeth and mouth of the patients. They treat a diverse group of
patients in a variety of settings using a variety of techniques and procedures
such as computers and magnetic resonance imaging. This may include filling,
crowning and scaling of teeth, extracting teeth, treating gum diseases and
fitting artificial replacements where necessary and surgically handling
injuries or other irregularities of the teeth and jaw. Problems dealing with
the jaw or any invasive oral procedure are usually undertaken by an oral
surgeon. Dentists perform trauma surgery, implants, tissue grafts and laser surgery
to correct them. The core function of a dentist is prevention and treatment of
diseases related to the oral cavity, including the floor of the oral cavity,
the 'roof' of the mouth, teeth, gums, tongue etc. Their job include educating
patients about oral hygiene and ways to preserve a healthy mouth and prevent
dental problems.
Eligibility
To practice as a dentist one must need at least
a Bachelor's degree in Dental Science (BDS). There is no specialisation at the
bachelor level. If you want your career to grow, then you will have to be a
specialist with a Masters (MDS) degree.
The main specialization areas of Dentistry are Orthodontics which deals with
straightening and aligning teeth and jaws; Periodontics which specializes in the
care of gums and the diseases that might afflict them; Operative
Dentistry or Endodontics for root canal jobs, fillings and cosmetic
surgery; Prosthodontics which involves the making of artificial teeth; Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery which deals specifically with operations on the mouth and
jaw, Pediatric
Dentistry for treating children and Oral Pathology which provides the
diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth.
Eligibility: Candidates who have passed 10+2 with Physics,
Chemistry and Biology, with at least 50% marks are eligible for admission in
the Bachelor of Dental Science (BDS) course.
Selection: Admission to graduate courses in dentistry is
through a general, nationwide competitive examination. The All India
Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Exam conducted by the CBSE is common for both
the MBBS and the Bachelor of Dental Sciences (BDS) . The allocation of
institutions is based on merit. Other than the centrally run medical
institutions there is at least one dental college in most states, where
admission is governed by domiciliary status. A merit waiting list up to a
number of 1 to 2000 is made on the base of marks obtained in the Exam. The
candidates are assigned their merit list and choice. There are also private
colleges which under the management quota admit students on an all India basis.
But to be eligible for practice, one must ensure that the course chosen is
approved by the Dental Council of India.
Contact Address:
Dental Council of India
Aiwan-E-Galib Marg, Kotla Road, Temple Lane, New Delhi – 110002
Phone : 91-11-23238542, 91-11-23236740
Fax: 91-11-23231252
E-mail : Contact 1 , Contact 2
Website: http://www.dciindia.org/
Contact Address:
Dental Council of India
Aiwan-E-Galib Marg, Kotla Road, Temple Lane, New Delhi – 110002
Phone : 91-11-23238542, 91-11-23236740
Fax: 91-11-23231252
E-mail : Contact 1 , Contact 2
Website: http://www.dciindia.org/
Duration: The BDS (Bachelor of
Dental Science) degree programme is a 4 years course divided into 4 parts each
of 1 years duration, followed by one year of rotating internship. Subjects such
as basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology and microbiology are
covered in the first two years. Specialization in dentistry and hands on
training are provided in the last two semesters. Those who have completed the
BDS should be registered to practice dentistry by the Dental Council of India.
An MDS (Masters in Dental Science) requires two years of additional training.
The annual fees may range from 1 to 3 lakhs and the private institutions under
management quota may charge 5 to 10 lakhs as capitation fee.
Personal Skills: Today Dentists must have
an artistic sense besides scientific knowledge. He is the scientist dedicated
to the highest standards of health through the prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of all oral diseases and conditions. He must have an artist's
esthetic sense as well to realign an entire jaw or to brighten one tooth, to
help patients look their best. It is a very hard working profession that
requires craftsmanship and skill as much as theoretical knowledge. The foremost
attribute required for a good dentist is patience, stamina to work hard for
long periods, good health, power of concentration, manual dexterity and
accuracy. Besides these they must have a keen eye for detail, ability to
memorise and recall scientific facts, comprehensive medical understanding, cool
temperament and strong interpersonal skills. The best dentists are skillful
communicators and their analytical and logical reasoning skill should be above
average.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
A dentist's job is to help the patients to
maintain a healthy mouth and teeth. This requires an examination of the mouth
and teeth when there is a problem, and the preparation and execution of plans
for the treatment and restoration of teeth. The main work of a dentist's
involves treatment of diseased mouths and gums; extraction of teeth that cannot
be saved, or might spread an infection to the rest of the mouth; fillings in
the treatment of cavities; Surgery of the mouth and jaw; replacement of
extracted teeth through surgery or other processes; cleaning of the patient's
mouth and teeth; corrective work to align or straighten teeth; dentures i.e.
the making and fitting of false teeth and preventive work which involves routine
check-ups for both adults and children. Dental Assistants and Hygienists in
addition to assisting the dentist during a variety of procedures such as clean
and scale teeth, place temporary fillings, does other specific tasks including
taking and developing dental radiographs (x-rays), sterilizing instruments and
equipment and making impressions of patients' teeth etc.
Excellent employment opportunities are available
for dentists in dental departments in hospitals, nursing homes, dental clinics
and health departments as well as teaching departments in dental colleges.
Apart from this, dentists could also work in the Research and Advisory
functions of a pharmaceutical and other companies producing oral care products
and medicines like toothpaste, mouth wash, gum care products, etc.
Self-employment is also a promising avenue.
With gaining experience, one can start his/her
own individual practice. Many dentists prefer to be in private practice, as it
provides the best financial prospects as well as greater independence. Private
practitioners work either alone, often setting up a clinic on their own
premises, or in partnership with colleagues, sharing resources and overheads.
Besides these, in dentistry one can also take up work as a Dental Hygienist,
Dental assistant or as a Dental consultant to models and film artists which
could fetch a lot of money.
Remuneration
In government hospitals, freshly trained
dentists could begin around Rs 6,000 a month (including allowances), while in
private hospitals it could be from Rs 3,500 to Rs 4,000. Postgraduate degree
holders can expect to start on Rs 7,000 upwards.
Dental surgeons can earn good money through
their own practice. The consultation charges could be Rs.500 upwards for
cosmetic filling and can be as high as Rs. 40,000 to 50,000 depending upon the
nature of dental problem the patient is undergoing. A well established dentist
can make around Rs.20,000 - 1,00,000 or more per month.
Careers in Travel and Tourism
Travel
and Tourism one of the world's largest foreign exchange earner among
industries, provides employment directly to millions of people worldwide and
indirectly through many associated service industries. A very wide industry, it
includes Government tourism departments, Immigration and customs services,
travel agencies, airlines, tour operators, hotels etc and many associated
service industries such as airline catering or laundry services, Guides,
Interpreters, Tourism promotion and sales etc. Travel and Tourism enterprises
include major internationals with a workforce of thousands, to the small
private travel agent with a handful of employees.
Work in the travel and tourism industry is
essentially concerned with providing services for people who are away from
home, on business or holiday. Travel can be leisure travel involving package
tours, pilgrim travel, adventure travel etc or purely business. Work at every
functional level in the industry involves dealing directly with people. Travel
agents assess the needs of tourists and businessmen and help them make the best
possible travel arrangements from the many travel options available. Also, many
major cruise lines, resorts, and specialty travel groups use travel agents to
promote travel packages to the millions of people who travel every year.
Travel company personnel must be up-to-date on
current rules and regulations and documentation required, in areas like cargo,
ticketing and passports, visas etc. so as to correctly advise their clients,
and to take care of the paperwork when necessary. Besides this, all tourism
staff in marketing, counter sales, or guide services, should be knowledgeable
about the places their clients visit, in terms of general background, how to
get there connections by air, rail and road and the facilities available.
In India, Travel and tourism, as an industry,
has been somewhat slower to take off than in many other places. However, with
increasing worldwide interest in travel, and with the Government's
encouragement of its activities, it is undergoing massive expansion and improvement.
This forecasts a bright future for all those who choose to make a career of
travel and tourism. Young people with drive and a capacity for hard work can
rise to top positions very quickly in travel and tourism or even head their own
agencies. A job in the industry gives good returns as well as perks including
opportunity to see many locales at low prices..
Eligibility
Educational There are graduate
level, Postgraduate level, diploma and certification courses available to
pursue in the industry. The post-graduate degree awarded is Master of Tourism
Administration (MTA), which is a two year full time programme approved by the
Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India. The Indian Institution of Tourism and
Travel Management and some universities offer MTA degree in Tourism. A Post
graduate degree can be helpful in getting into managerial and administrative
positions in the industry. International Air transport Association (IATA), a
World Organisation which provides recognised standard in training to travel,
tourism and cargo industry, offers certification courses. Several large travel
agencies also offer short-term training programmes, and tend to absorb most of
the candidates.
The eligibility for admission to Travel and
Tourism courses at the undergraduate level is, higher secondary examination
pass. At post-graduate level, eligibility is graduation in any field along with
a pass in the entrance test followed by group dicussions and interview
conducted by the institute. Proficiency in at least one foreign language is
preferred. A diploma in public relations or advertising is helpful from the
career point of view. It is also possible to gain these qualifications through
correspondence courses. Eligibility for certification courses is 10+2.
Officers in the Directorate and Departments of
Tourism are recruited from among the candidates who have done civil service,
drawn from the Civil/administrative services of the State and Central
governments. A degree in travel and tourism is required for operational jobs in
government organisations. Information assistants at the office of the Tourism
departments are selected through competitive examinations held by the Staff
Selection Commission. The eligibility is graduation with knowledge of Indian
history, art and architecture, besides proficiency in English. These vacancies
are advertised through he employment news.
Duration : The duration of training varies between one and
two years, depending on the course. For certification courses the duration
maybe below one year.
Personal Attributes:
Good communication and presentation skills is
essential in the industry where service to the customer is of utmost
importance. An outgoing, friendly personality; ability to handle people, verbal
fluency, aptitude for languages will be advantageous to be successful in the
field. One should also have an up-to-date knowledge of available facilities and
services in the field. In the administrative or managerial level, organising
ability, an ability to make decisions, solve problems, work effectively within
a team will be essential.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Being a very wide field, the scope of employment
in tourism sector is very bright and the potential is still largely untapped.
Career opportunities exist both in the public and private sector. In the public
sector, there are opportunities in the Directorates and Departments of Tourism
of the center and the state as Officers, information assistants, Tourist guides
etc. Another good prospectus for qualified tourism professionals are in the
private sector with travel agencies, tour operators, airlines, hotels,
transport and cargo companies etc. The opening up of the skies to private
airlines and their emerging tie-ups with foreign airlines has removed
bottlenecks in the transport and communication network resulting in easy flow
of domestic and foreign tourists in the country. Since this is a new area of
employment, not many qualified and experienced people are available and the
promotion prospectus are also very bright and rapid. After a few years of
experience, One can also start their own business by handling all travel
requirements of a client and gradually building up business, taking on
additional employees.
Career Options
Tourism Department :
In the Tourism Department there are jobs as
Reservation & counter staff, Sales and marketing staff, Tour Planners and
Tour guides. Officers in the Directorate and Departments of Tourism are
recruited from among the candidates who have done civil service, drawn from the
Civil/administrative services of the State and Central governments. They are
involved in the planning and promotion of tourism activities. A degree in
travel and tourism is required for operational jobs in government
organisations. Information assistants at the office of the Tourism departments
are selected through competitive examinations held by the Staff Selection
Commission. The eligibility is graduation with knowledge of Indian history, art
and architecture, besides proficiency in English. These vacancies are
advertised through the employment news. Information Assistants give out
information regarding tourist spots and services available and help to plan the
itinerary of the tourists. The Ministry of Tourism recognises three types of
guides, regional, state and local. A regional guide gets a two year renewable
license from the Ministry of Tourism endorsed for life by the Archeological
Survey of India. Guides give detailed information on the various monuments and
artifacts and about the countries traditions and heritage.
Airlines:
Working in an airline, whether on the ground
staff or in flight is an exciting option for many people these days. In the
airlines, one can work as Traffic Assistance, Reservation and Counter Staff,
Airhostess and flight pursers, Sales and Marketing staff and customer services.
A course in travel and tourism or a qualification on Hotel management helps to
get in. The jobs in airlines though challenging are glamorous and afford the
possibility of traveling to exciting destinations. Free tickets for the family
offered by some airlines are an added advantage. Domestic and international
Airlines such as Air India, Indian airlines, Jet airways, Air Sahara, Aeroflot,
British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Singapore Airlines etc offer
employment opportunities with attractive salaries and numerous benefits.
Tour Operators:
Tour operators organise conducted tours to the
various tourist spots and manage the travel and stay of the tourists. There are
many companies operating tours for the domestic as well as the international
tourist. Some may be for the usual destinations like hill stations but others
are for unusual activities like river rafting, hang gliding, rock climbing and
camping. Tour operators need people for selling the concept and then to
accompany the groups to the destinations. For foreign groups, the agencies
prefer girls, who are friendly and helpful. For domestic groups, males are
preferred. Again, the qualities required are a pleasing and outgoing
personality, knowledge of the activities and often participating in them with
the tourists. A person hoping to work with a tour operator must be able to
travel with the groups and know people at the destinations to make the tours
pleasant for the client. Though one may do a course of tourist guide for this purpose,
people with a knowledge of the activities can easily join as tour operators.
The jobs could be seasonal in some cases.
Travel Agencies:
Travel agents assess the needs of tourists and
businessmen and help them make the best possible travel arrangements from the
many travel options available. Many resorts, travel groups use travel agents to
promote their tour packages to travelers. They deal with almost everything
connected with travel including the shortest route to the destination, travel
mode, the important documents that will be required (visa, passport,
vaccination certificates etc.), suitable places to stay, current exchange
rates, tourist attractions to visit, climate and they will plan the trip
keeping in mind the clients' preferences, budgets and special needs. In travel
agencies there are openings for reservation and counter staff, Sales and
Marketing staff, Tour escorts and tour operators, cargo and courier agencies
etc. A short tem course or a diploma in travel and ticketing of 3-6 months duration
will help gain entry into an agency. Several large travel agencies also offer
short-term training programmes, and tend to absorb most of the candidates. Some
agencies take in fresh graduates and train them on the job. Most travel
agencies demands persons have a pleasing personality and the ability to deal
with customers. A knowledge of destinations and procedures help a great deal.
Hotels:
The hotel Industry is basically a service
industry providing food and accommodation to the Visitors. It is one which
requires a large amount of manpower, with a wide variety of skills. In India
alone, about 1, 80,000 vacancies are expected to be filled within the next
decade. An hotel offers career opportunities in its various departments such as
Operations, Front office, House keeping, Food and Beverages, Accounting,
Engineering/ Maintenance, Sales, Public relations and Security etc. One can
enter this field through direct entry in some departments or through hotel
management institutes. There are many institutes that offer hotel management
courses. Many hotels also offer overseas training opportunities, which allow
young people to gain promotions rapidly.
Transport:
Besides airlines, Travel facilities include rail
services, coach operators, car hire companies. etc. Whatever that takes
Tourists from one place to another - by air, road, railway, sea etc. comes
under Travel and tourism. Tourist use almost all these travel facilities.
Remuneration
Jobs in the travel and tourism industry offer
good remuneration and perquisites, which include free travel for employees and
their families. Salaries may vary within the industry and are higher in foreign
airlines and agencies.
Basic Pay scales at different levels are
approximately:
- Counter Clerk Rs. 1,500-2,000
- Assistant Rs. 2,000-2,500
- Junior Executive Rs. 3,000-3,500
- Regional Manager Rs. 3,800 -4,500
- General Manager Rs. 5,000-6,000
- Air Hostess- Rs 6,000 basic salary for domestic to Rs 40,000 in international airlines
Regional guides: Their charges may range
from Rs400 and above for an eight hour day. They may earn between 30,000-40,000
Rs or more in the three to four months of the tourist peak season.
Medical Transcription
Medical
Transcription is one of the fastest growing fields in health care. Medical
Transcriptionists are in demand in Western countries especially in the US where
the entire healthcare industry is based on insurance and detailed medical
records are needed for processing insurance claims. Medical transcription could
be one of the speedy growing IT enabled service in India also, with the rapid
change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and privatization of the insurance
sector. India provides an ideal location for conducting medical transcription
with the large population of educated English speaking people and the
comparative low cost which encourages companies abroad to outsource their work
to the Indian Medical Transcription field.
Medical transcription is an interesting and
challenging career. It is the process whereby one accurately and swiftly
transcribes medical records dictated by doctors and others, including history
and physical reports, clinic notes, office notes, operative reports,
consultation notes, discharge summaries, letters, psychiatric evaluations,
laboratory reports, x-ray reports and pathology reports. M.T. or Medical
Transcriptionist is a person who assists physicians and specialty surgeons
usually by transcribing, formatting, and proof reading their dictated medically
oriented report of a patient's health history. This dictation covers pretty
much everything that takes place between the health care provider and the
patient. Usually, the information dictated by doctors is recorded either into
tape or onto digital voice processing systems. The process of medical transcription
is transferring this information using word processing. Transcription services
range from small, one-person home-based businesses to sophisticated, high-tech
corporations which employ transcriptionists. Some medical transcription
services now employ both 'on-site' and home-based medical transcriptionists.
Medical transcription services serve client hospitals throughout the nation and
abroad.
In India there was a boom in this industry
couple of years back with a lot of companies and training institutes entering
this field. Most companies except a few could not survive due to lack of proper
training and understanding of this comparatively new concept in India. By
improving the work standards and quality of service, India has a wide scope for
capturing the huge clientele in the US and provide employment opportunities to
the huge mass of English speaking and computer literate people in the country.
The success of the surviving companies proves that Medical transcription can
hold a vital link in altering the Indian job scenario.
Eligibility
It does not require specialised IT skills but it
requires primary skills like good listening and language skills and knowledge
of medical terms. Fluency in English, especially understanding of American way
of speech and accent is a must to be in this field.
However, an ideal qualification for a medical
transcriptionist is Graduation with English comprehension skill and undergoing
a training course in MT is an added advantage. Further, the candidate should be
able to quickly develop new skills and adjust with the different accents and
diction. Throughout the career as a medical transcriptionist one would need to
keep up with changes in medical terminologies, medical procedures etc. and have
the ability to detect medical inconsistencies in dictation and fix poor grammar
and syntax. One must also have patience, as the work may get monotonous and
repetitive. Regular comprehensive quality training is necessary to be
successful in this field.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
In India, lot of companies in the metros and
major cities have ventured into the field. Since the job requires experience,
these companies are expected to recruit a lot of people as trainees and then
develop their skills so that they become experts in this field. Induj Infotech
Ltd. of the S. Kumar group based in Mumbai, Infoscript Services Pvt. Ltd. in
Bangalore, Webcom Infotech Ltd. in Mumbai, Pioneer Transcription Systems in
Delhi etc are some of the companies in MT.
There are lots of options available in the field
abroad. One may choose to work from home for yourself. Another option would be
to work outside your home in a hospital or for a medical transcription service.
Other options include working in a doctor's office, insurance company,
attorney's office, or a company marketing medical products or a medical book
publishing company.
Some of the companies
- Pioneer
Transcription Systems
B-372, Meera Bagh, Paschim Vihar.
New Delhi Delhi
Phone 011-5271696 / 011-5279693
Fax 091-11-5279694 - Webcom
Infotech Ltd.
Regent Chambers, 10th floor, 208 Nariman Point
Mumbai Maharashtra
Phone 2826352 / 2881176; Fax 2819289 - Transcript
Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
24\39 Gandhi layout Baswashwar nagar bangalore-560079
Bangalore Karnataka
Phone 91-80-3209040 / 91-80-3102423; Fax 91-80-3209041 - ISA
Softtech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
S.C.O 75, PHASE IX
Mohali Punjab
India
Phone 0172-394517 / 0172-394518 - Focus
Infosys
#117-120, 2nd Floor 80 Feet Peripheral Road 4th Block, Koramangala
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Phone 5527231; Fax 5527230 - Induj
Infotech Ltd.
SKumars House, Street 14 , plot no 60 , Phase II. MIDC
Andheri (E), Mumbai Maharashtra
Phone 8368429 - Drish
Infotech limited
SCO 104-106, Sector 34 A
Chandigarh Punjab
Phone 0172665653 / 0172665654; Fax +91-172-615622
Remuneration
It is a lucrative career with lot of benefits.
At entry level medical transcriptionist is paid around Rs. 5000/- per month,
which can exceed to Rs. 20000/- per month with two years, depending on their
capabilities. There are also additional perks and performance incentives.
Usually there are editors who help the transcriptionists in their work. If the
MTs can become independent and do editors work also they have better prospects
to earn more. With experience one can move on to becoming a supervisor, editor,
trainer or manager of a medical transcription unit.
Careers in Dairy
Dairy
industry is one of the industries which plays a dynamic role in India's
agro-based economy. Dairy farming includes breeding and care of milk yielding
cattle, procuring milk and processing of milk into a variety of dairy products.
Dairy products is a major exporting industry and earns considerable foreign
exchange for the country. In 1946, the foundation of Anand Milk Union Ltd
(AMUL), led to the development of a better organised dairy industry and
gave momentum to education in dairying in India.
Dairy industry, now a highly specialised field
today involves production, procurement, storage, processing and distribution of
dairy products. The main jobs are in production and processing. Production
process includes the collection of milk, breeding of high yielding cattle and
taking care of the animals. Dairy Scientists are employed to cover the
production aspect of the industry. They conduct experiments to determine the
effects of different kinds of feeds and environmental conditions on the
quantity, quality and nutritive value of milk produced. They also research
breeding to improve dairy breeds, feeding and management of dairy cattle.
Processing involves handling of milk for
distribution or its conversion into dairy products. After the milk has reached
the plant, processing work begins and it is converted into a variety of dairy
products. Dairy Technologists mainly deal with the technical and quality
control aspect of the processing industry and also work to develop improved
methods in processing, production preservation and utilisation of milk and milk
products.
Other professionals required in this area
include Dairy engineers, who are responsible for dairy maintenance and related
activities; and Marketing personnel who handle the marketing and sales of milk
and milk products.
Eligibility
Traditionally dairy technology was a part of
veterinary and animal husbandry courses. These courses were and still is
offered by Agricultural Universities as a part of the B.VSc, (Bachelor of
Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry). Now there are several institutes
offering exclusive diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Dairy
technology. Many general universities also offer dairy science as vocational
subject at the BSc level. Dairying is also available as a vocational subject
for the 10+2 level education.
A dairy technology course comprises of three
basic areas like Dairy Engineering which deals with only the technological
aspects of the product; Dairy Chemistry which comprises the products, such as
the percentage ratio of milk and cream contained in a specific dairy products
and Dairy Bacteriology which maintain products standards and the role of a
biotechnologist is very important.
Specialisation in the specific or related area
like Veterinary Science, Dairy Technology or Engineering is a prerequisite for
entry into this field.
Course Areas: Courses in dairy technology are available at the
diploma, graduation, postgraduate and doctoral levels. The diploma and degree
courses in dairy technology require candidates who have passed the 10 + 2
examination, with Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and English or Physics,
chemistry, Biology or Agriculture with a minimum aggregate of 50 % marks.
The diploma courses of two years duration
include Indian Dairy Diploma (IDD) and National Dairy Diploma (NDD). This is a
base course for BSc / B.Tech dairy degree and gives basic knowledge on
breeding, feeding of animals, their health care, farm management, planning a
farm, milk products, dairy chemistry, bacteriology, book keeping etc. At the
graduation level, the course is usually called B.Tech./B.Sc. in Dairy
technology or Dairy Science. After graduating in dairying, candidates can opt
for further studies and specialisation through a Master's programme in Dairying
(M.Tech in Dairy Technology/ MSc Dairy Science), or related areas such as
animal genetics and breeding, livestock production, Animal biochemistry, Animal
bio-technology or in fields of food technology and preservation.
Duration: Dairy Diploma course is of two years duration
for lower level technical positions. The B.Tech / B.Sc in Dairy Technology is a
four years course after 10+2. The B.VSc, (Bachelor of Veterinary Science and
Animal Husbandry) is also a four years programme. The Master's programme in
Dairying (M.Tech in Dairy Technology/ MSc Dairy Science) is of two years
duration.
Selection: In most of the States, selection to the graduate
course in Dairy colleges is on the basis of an All India Entrance Examination
in Physics, Chemistry and Maths of plus 2 level, common to other agricultural
and animal science courses OR on the basis of the entrance examination
conducted by the concerned universities. Veterinary Council of India conducts
an 'All India Common Entrance examination' (AICEE) for admission to first year
Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc) & Animal Husbandry (AH) degree course
for filling up 15% of the total number of seats of each veterinary college of
all states; about 36 colleges where Indian Veterinary council Act, 1984
extends. This Entrance exam is usually held in the month of May each year. For
admission to masters degree programme, an All India Entrance Examination is
conducted by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Personal Skills: Persons aspiring to make
a career in dairy technology should have scientific temper, willingness to work
hard, commitment, an enquiring mind and cleanliness. They must be prepared to
live in remote areas, or far away from the comforts and conveniences of the
city.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Dairy Technology is a challenging career which
offers enormous prospects for trained professionals. There are now more than
400 dairy plants in the country and many Dairy equipment manufacturers.
Openings for a dairy technologist are available
in both the public and the private sector. They can find job in dairy farms,
cooperatives, rural banks, milk product processing and manufacturing
industries. Quality control departments also recruit dairy technologists. A
large number of dairy technologists also start their own business such as
small-scale milk plants, creamery, ice-cream units etc or work as consultants.
A consultant, however, needs several years of working experience in dairy farms
to be successful. Besides there are opportunities for teaching as well as
Research and development which is another growing area, crucial for the dairy
industry.
Remuneration
In the dairy plants, dairy technology graduates
are usually recruited as trainees and shift officers. The trainee receive a
stipend of Rs. 2000 per month. The officers on confirmation draw between Rs.
6000 to Rs.7000 per month. General Managers receive a salary of Rs 15,000 and
upwards per month. One can generally expect this after about 10 years of
experience.
Careers in Teaching
Teaching
is a highly noble profession, most suited one especially for women. Teachers
are always a boon to society. Through their intelligence, patience and wisdom,
they attempt to not only hone the learner's intellect and aptitude but also,
create a well-rounded personality. Teaching has an influence in developing ones
mind and character and also gives the satisfaction of having sparked the light
of knowledge and dispelled the clouds of ignorance.
As this field is so vast having areas of
specialisations, different skills and type of training are required for
different levels. Areas of specialisation include teaching at nursery schools,
middle schools, high schools, colleges, universities, institutes, special
schools etc. Each level calls for a different expertise. If you love to be with
children, teaching at schools would be a good option, but if you want to be
with young adults, it is better to look at the college or university level.
Good teachers can bring out the best in every student. They are the ones who
make a difference in the lives of their students. Rousing students from their
apathy and watching their curiosity grow is one of the biggest rewards of
teaching.
Main reason for opting this career could be
interest in the subject, secure professional career and regular annual
vacations. It can also be a second career for those who have retired from
professional services.
Eligibility
Educational: From primary school all the way up to college,
to arts and sports, training the handicapped, languages and so on, there is no
limit to the various subjects and fields that a teacher-to-be can specialise
in.
Nursery schools: Nursery Teachers Training.
Minimum qualification: 10+2
Middle schools: Teachers Training Certificate
(TTC) or its equivalent. Minimum qualification: 10+2
High Schools: Bachelor of Education (B.Ed).
Minimum qualification: Graduation
Colleges/Universities: Post Graduate degree,
preferably with Doctoral Degree. Also have to qualify the National Eligibility
Test (NET) conducted by University Grants commission (UGC).
Special schools: Diploma in special Education.
Minimum qualification: 10+2
Personal attributes:
You need to have a blend of mind, patience,
confidence, liking for and an understanding of children which is a must. You
must have organizing capacity, friendly and helpful nature to enter into this
field. Teacher should have the ability to communicate well, to create a liking
in young minds even in the case of most boring subjects. She/he should have a
deep passion for the subject one handles. Must encourage in students the
ability to analyse and think. A teacher must always remember that apart from
teaching, it is he/she who shapes a child's character. Teacher has to be a
friend, philosopher and guide to his wards.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job prospects: They can find employment in
- Play schools
- Nursery schools
- Primary/elementary schools
- Secondary schools
- Colleges
- Universities
- Educational research institutes
- Special schools
- Self employment by starting institutes/tutorials
Career options
Nursery/Primary Schools: Nursery and primary
school teachers have a huge responsibility in the sense that, it is what
children learn and experience during their early years that shape their views
and affect success or failures later in their lives. Thus teachers play a vital
role in the social and intellectual development of children. They introduce
children to numbers, language, science, social studies as well social
interactions. Here games, music, artwork, computers and other tools are used to
teach basic skills. While kindergarten teachers deal with children of 3 to 5
years, primary school teachers deal with those of 6 to 12 years.
Secondary Schools: The secondary school
teachers instruct students from 8th to 12th standard. Usually they deal with
one particular subject in which they specialise. Good base in the subject is a
must.
Colleges/Universities: In universities or
colleges there are lecturers and professors who specialise in a particular
field. They give lectures, guidance and help the students in their academic and
research work. Those who have organising ability have a further scope to become
a principal, vice-chancellor in the management level.
Special schools: A challenging area in
the field of teaching is that of dealing with children having physical and
mental handicap and learning disabilities. The work is emotionally and
physically demanding which needs a lot of patience. They have to work in close
association with parents and medical professionals like speech therapist,
physiotherapist etc. It is different from the normal teaching norms as each
child needs special care depending on his/her disability.
Remuneration
Lectures draw a salary of Rs. 6,500 to Rs 10,500
at the entry level. The salary at Senior level is around Rs 8000 to Rs 13,500.
The pay scale of professors ranges from Rs 12,400 to Rs 22,400
Careers in Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical
engineering, the broadest of all Engineering disciplines deals with design and
production of tools, machines and all other mechanical equipment to be used in
industries. The industry offers a wide choice of options extending across many
interdisciplinary interdependent specialties. Mechanical engineering is
concerned with all types of machinery in industries and all aspects of their
mechanism and functioning; the design, development, construction, production,
installation, operation and maintenance; such as large steam and gas turbines,
components of thermal power stations, internal combustion engines, jet engines,
machine tools, air conditioning and heating machines, refrigerators etc to name
a few. They not only design and create new products, but also develop materials
for them and ways of making them.
In a way, mechanical engineers are involved in
creating the future. They are the driving force behind many of our technologies
and industrial processes including innovative products like mobiles, PCs and
DVD etc in our modern world. The work of a Mechanical Engineer can be extremely
challenging and fulfilling, requiring IT, design and analytical skills together
with an ability to work as a team. As their work involves production,
transmission and use of mechanical power and heat, they have to analyse the
different materials used for the machines and their tolerances, investigate the
different energy sources and the power they generate and the design problems if
any. When designing and making a commercial product they have to take into
account all the business and marketing aspects to make sure that the product is
affordable. They share interests with many other engineers like Civil Engineers
in structures and stress analysis; Electrical engineers in electronics,
computing and control theory; Aeronautical Engineers in fluid flow and
turbomachinery etc and also design tools needed by other engineers for their
work. They work as part of a team with other engineers as well as financial,
business and management professionals on a project together. Mechanical
Engineers are also responsible for maintenance and repair of the devices. Care
has to be taken that the plants give maximum output and the machinery is
properly maintained.
The specialisations include in areas like
thermal engineering, design, and production engineering etc. Mechanical
engineers work mainly in manufacturing firms. They can find work in
administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and
private sector industries or do research as well as teaching in Research and
teaching institutes. They could also opt for technical sales / marketing or
work as independent consultants.
Eligibility
To become a mechanical engineer one should have
a graduate degree (B.E / B.Tech) or postgraduate degree (M.E) or at least a
diploma in mechanical Engineering.
The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B.Tech
is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
After the bachelor's one can go in for a post graduate degree. The postgraduate
course generally offers specialized training in thermal engineering, design,
and production engineering. Post graduate degrees are essential for most
teaching posts and positions in management and an additional degree in business
administration is desirable for management positions. There is also the
Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers (AMIE), which
enables working people in the private and public sector, or diploma holders to
acquire a Bachelor's engineering degree through distance education. A three
year BEng degree course entitled Mechanical Engineering is also available. This
course is also accredited with the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for
Chartered Engineer status.
Selection: Selection to the graduate courses ( BE / B.Tech
) is based on merit i.e the marks secured in the final exams of 10+2 and
through entrance exams. Entrance to the IIT's is through JEE' (Joint Entrance
Exam) and for other major institutions through AIEEE (All India
Engineering/Pharmacy/Architecture Entrance Examination) OR their own separate entrance
exams and other state level and national level exams.
Duration: BE / B.Tech courses are of 4 years' duration.
The diploma courses in polytechnics are of 2-3 years' duration.
Fees: In private colleges fees range from approx Rs.1
lakh to Rs. 2 lakh annually for a bachelors degree. In IIT's it varies between
Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per year.
Personal Skills: Mechanical engineering
technicians need to have excellent mechanical engineering skills, as well as
technical drawing and computer skills for designing machines and equipment. It
requires IT, design and analytical skills together with an ability to
conceptualize structures. They must have numeric skills as math's is an
important tool, an inquisitive and logical mind to make connections between ideas
and handle abstract concepts, creative and innovative ideas to find solutions
to problems which may need a new perspective, good practical skills to apply
math's and science to real problems. Organising ability, practicality, ability
to get on well with people of all types, ability to keep calm under pressure
and flexibly to work in a multi disciplinary area are an asset in the field.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Mechanical Engineering finds applications in all
fields of technology. They could work in many industries including private or
public sector industries of various types, and their work varies by industry
and function. With the rapid rate of expansion in the industrial sector, the
employment potential for mechanical engineers is very high.
In the government sector, freshers could join as
Junior Engineers and go up the ladder as Assistant Engineers, Assistant
Executive Engineers, Executive Engineers, Superintendent Engineers and so on.
These engineers are required in automobile,
chemical, electronics, steel plants, oil exploration and refining, technical
wings of armed forces, space research organisation, etc. Candidates with post
graduate degree or an additional management degree could find work in
administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and
private sector industries or do research as well as teaching in Research and
teaching institutes. They could also opt for technical sales / marketing or
work as independent consultants. Several government departments including Posts
and Telegraphs, Defense, PWD, and CPWD employ mechanical engineers.
Aeronautical, agricultural, automobile, chemical, and power plants, as well as
the railways, need mechanical engineers to design and maintain their machinery.
In agricultural sector, mechanical engineers play a vital role by establishing
service centres for maintenance of tractors, oil engines, pump sets, electric
motors and other agricultural equipments.
Remuneration
The remuneration and conditions of service
depend on the industry and its function. Those engineers, who choose to work in
the private sector, could negotiate their terms and conditions with the
management themselves. Most fresh engineers start at Rs 5,000 to Rs 7,000 per
month, with allowances. Those with an additional management degree in addition
to engineering can command salaries of Rs 10,000 to Rs 40,000 per month.
In the government sector, the salary scale for
engineers starts at Rs 1,640-Rs 2,900 for Junior Engineers. The basic scale for
Assistant Engineers is Rs 2,000-Rs 3,500. Assistant Executive Engineers draw
salaries in the range of Rs 2,200-Rs 4,000. Executive Engineers get Rs 3,000-Rs
4,500, while Superintendent Engineers receive salaries in the range of Rs
4,000-Rs 6,000.
In the US, according to a 2001 salary survey by
the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor’s degree
candidates in mechanical engineering received starting offers averaging $48,426
a year, master’s degree candidates had offers averaging $55,994, and Ph.D.
candidates were initially offered $72,096.
Careers in Dance
In
India, dance is an age-old tradition. This vast sub-continent has given birth
to varied forms of dancing, each shaped by the influences of a particular
period and environment. Indian dance is an extremely intricate art requiring
skill, hard work and discipline. All Indian dances portray some expression of
life and almost every dance posture has a specific meaning. Dance themes are
derived from mythology, folklore, legends and classical literature.Indian dance is said to have originated from ‘Natya Shastra’, which is a detailed script written on all aspects of Indian dance. The author of ‘Natya Shastra’ was ‘Bharata Muni’ who wrote it some time in the 2nd century B.C.
The two main divisions of dance are classical and folk forms. There are dance forms typical to certain parts of the country and these dance forms are based on ancient dance discipline. The various classical forms are Bharatnatyam of Tamil Nadu, Kuchupudi of Andhra Pradesh, Odissi of Orissa, Kathak, Kathakali and Manipuri. The uniqueness of Indian classical dances is that they are all devotional in content. Of all these dance forms, Bharat Natyam is believed to be the oldest and the purest Indian classical dance.
Training in Dance should start as early as age six or less, much before the official professional training. Besides an in born talent, the basic requirement for a full time Professional training is matriculation or 10 + 2. Some institutes at the time of admission even give preference to students having a talent. Careers in this field can be that of a performer, teacher and choreographer.
Eligibility
To be in this field one needs to have an inborn
talent, training and guidance can only sharpen these talents.
Educational: To take up a course in this subject the basic
requirement is 10+2. However, for post graduate level courses graduation in the
subject is compulsory. Courses offered in this area are certificate courses,
bachelor courses, diploma courses and post graduate level courses. Duration of
various courses: Certificate course is of one year, Bachelor courses is of
three years, Diploma and Post Graduate level courses is of two years.
Training in this field is available at a number
of schools and institutes all over India. The Kathak Kendra in Delhi, the
Kalakshetra in Chennai, Bharatiya Kala Kendra in Delhi are some of the
prominent institutes conducting courses in Dance.
Course areas include history and evolution of
dance and dance forms, the characteristic features of the dance form one
specialises in, covering all aspects of dance as a performing art.
Personal attributes: Main attributes are
talent, versatility, sense of rhythm, dedication, grace, an expressive facial
and body language, an ability to interpret roles, attractive appearance, stage
presence, creativity, physical stamina etc.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job prospects
They can find employment in
- Kala Kendras
- Academies
- TV channels
- Dance troupes
There are also many opportunities for
self-employment in the form of holding private classes or starting an
institution.
Career options
Career options available in this areas are that
of a performer, teacher and choreographer.
Teaching: To be in this field one needs an aptitude to
teach, initiative and patience. They must also have thorough knowledge of
practical and theoretical aspects of dance. They should have a perfect sense of
rhythm, and some proficiency in music.
Dancers who take up teaching as a profession can
find opportunities in schools, colleges, universities, dance institutes and
even open schools of their own.
Choreography: The choreographer
designs and composes dance sequences and co-ordinates the stage settings,
music, costumes and supervises rehearsals. Choreographer must have creative or
imaginative powers and an ability to interpret music and compose dance routines
for solo as well as group performances. They must be able to work along with a
team. Prospects in this field are expanding with more and more stage and TV
shows.
Choreographers can find employment in troupes
performing stage shows, TV shows and in films.
Performing: To be a performing
artist one must have attractive appearance, facial expression, an ability to
interpret roles and stage presence. Performers have to spare time everyday for
practicing. They must also have to keep in touch with the interest of the
general public. They must travel a lot and give performances to be popular.
Besides professional training; dedication, talent and the right contacts can
only help a performer to become well established.
Performing artists can form their own troupes or
even work with other troupes. They also have the option of starting schools and
devote time for teaching.
Careers in Tea Management
Tea
is one of the most refreshing and popular beverages of the world. India being
the world's largest producer, exporter and consumer of tea there is wide scope
for careers in this field. Though not a very well known career option, jobs in
this area can be interesting.
There are a variety of jobs one can specialize
in a tea industry. All together it is known as tea management. Tea tasting is
one of the highly specialized area of work. Other areas are that of
researchers, plantation managers, tea brokers, consultants etc.
Work in the Tea industry includes plantation,
processing, auctioning, branding, marketing and research. Plantation work
involves nurturing tea plants in the plantations which includes preparing the
soil, applying the appropriate fertilizers, choosing the right variety best
suited for the prevailing conditions and supervising the pinching and plucking
of the leaves. Processing work involves the crushing, tearing and curling of
the leaves which take place in factories. The tea is then packed and dispatched
to auction centres. The various samples of tea from different plantations are
tested, blended and branded by the tea tasters in the auction centres. Tea
brokers who have a background in planting, tasting and a know how of market
trends auction the tea and the Marketing personnel market the final product.
Although computers are now used for blending varieties of tea, the tea taster’s
verdict is still considered the ultimate test for determining the quality of
tea.
In India, best tea growing areas are Assam,
Darjeeling and Nilgiris. Several varieties of tea can be grown in any one
garden. As tea is a seasonal plant, the same leaves from the same bush, plucked
in different seasons, have different bouquets. Each of these varieties requires
different ways of handling.
Eligibility
Educational: Even though anybody who have a basic educational
background can get into tea industry, and pick up the skills required on the
job, a degree in Agricultural Science or a B.Sc. in Botany, Food Sciences,
Horticulture or allied fields is preferred these days. Candidates who have
specialised in business management or marketing are recruited for marketing
jobs.
New entrants are taken on as Assistants at the
plantation level. After gaining experience and competence an assistant can get
promoted to the level of Assistant Manager, and then Manager of a tea garden.
Most assistants can expect to become managers in 12-15 years of service.
Potential tea tasters selected are trained on
the job. Besides natural talents, vigorous training for a number of years is
essential before becoming a professional tea taster and then a tea tasting
manager. Besides acquiring skills in tasting, they need to work on their
managerial and marketing capabilities too.
Personal attributes
One opting for a career in the filed must have
an interest and liking for outdoor life. Must be physically fit, adaptable and
self-reliant. Leadership qualities and the ability to deal with labourers is an
added asset for plantation/ factory managers. One must also have initiative, be
knowledgeable about the tea market and be alert to changing market forces, and
should be willing to undertake strenuous work. Should possess fair knowledge
about the topography and geographical location of the tea estate. Tea tasters
need to have keen taste buds and should keep their sensitivities clean. They
should therefore be inclined to keep smoking, drinking and intake of spicy
foods in check. Those planning to become brokers should be level headed.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
India being the leading producer of tea in the
world, the scope for a career in this field is immense. Tea companies or tea
gardens, Tea broking Houses, Tea associations and the Tea Board of India offer
lucrative positions.
An experienced tea planter can move into tea
brokerage or tea tasting or take up a job in a tea broking house. Senior
professionals can branch off into becoming consultants offering advice. Those
academically inclined may get into research positions open at many tea
plantations.
Career options
Plantation / Factory Managers
Tea gardens are controlled by Managers who have
junior assistants and Assistant Managers, depending on the size and requirement
of the garden, to assist them in the smooth functioning of the tea estate.
Their work involves supervision of all plantation work involved from planting
to plucking, processing to packing and transport of tea to auction houses. New
entrants are taken on as Assistants at the plantation level. Experience is the
deciding factor in the appointment of a manager. It is a long wait as it
usually takes twelve to fifteen years. The Indian Institute of Plantation
Management, Bangalore offers a training programme on the relevant subject under
the Indian Commodity economy.
Tea Taster
Tea tasting is a highly specialised area. Tea tasters
differentiate between the various flavours of tea and help to brand the
varieties according to quality. Most tea companies employ tea tasters for
ensuring quality standards, and preparing blends. Tea tasting is typically
learnt on the job. Tea tasters have to develop the expertise to distinguish
between the taste and aroma of different teas. Tea tasters need to develop
managerial as well as marketing skills. Tea tasters should keep their
sensitivities clean and should keep smoking, drinking and intake of spicy foods
in check. The drawbacks can be damage to your digestive system especially at
the peak season when you may have taste as many as 200-300 cups of tea a day
and result in stains on your teeth which has to be removed periodically.
Tasters are recruited by manufacturing
companies, brokers as well as buyers. In a manufacturing company, the taster
detects defects in the production process by looking at the colour and size of
the leaves to determine if they have been fermented or dried under fire and
sends them back to the factory to rectify if needed. They also have to
coordinate with gardens, look after import and exports, advise researchers on
commercial factors like taste, economic viability and maturability of tea etc.
In the broker's office, the taster plays an advisory role and informs
manufacturers about market trends. In buying houses besides ensuring quality,
tasters have to know what's happening in both the domestic and international
markets. Many youngsters opt for this profession because of the
out-of-the-ordinary nature of the work and the high pay.
Researcher
Research is an integral part of the industry.
Much research is conducted by botanists, biotechnologists and other scientists,
who study methods of producing disease-resistant, high yielding varieties of
tea, as also strains that produce leaves that are natural blends of various
teas. They receive advise from tea tasters on commercial factors like taste,
economic viability and maturability of tea. The Tea Research Association at Jorhat
(Assam) is a premier organisation where pioneering work is being done in the
field of research. The research associations as well as Tea plantation owners
employ researchers.
Tea Brokers
Tea brokers act as intermediaries between the
planter-producer and the buyer, and must be up-to-date with market trends and
international prices. A background in tea industry and developing a keen tea
tasting ability are important requisites in becoming a broker. At the auction
centers, the tea samples are listed and evaluated by tea brokers. There are
broking houses in the country where the brokers test the various samples of
tea, which come from the different tea gardens. Those planning to become
brokers should be level headed and disciplined and be able to strike a good
rapport with producers and buyers.
Consultants
The tea board of India and various tea
associations employ consultants. Experienced tea planters can take up
consultancy services proffering advice on the varieties of tea to be planted,
new varieties and their sources, recruitment and training of personnel,
compensation, benefits and incentives to labour and so on.
Remuneration
A field most suited for nature lovers, as
working on a plantation may seem like living in a virtual paradise for those
who like living in close proximity to nature. However, long spells of
loneliness are a common occurrence. Despite the drawback, many youngsters are
coming into the profession because of the good pay, attractive perks including
a comfortable lifestyle with bungalow, car etc. Trainees get, on an average,
Rs. 5,000 while senior professionals draw Rs. 25,000 per month and specialized
professionals can earn in the range of 40,000- 50,000 per month.
Careers in Librarianship
Libraries
are repositories of knowledge, information and entertainment. The basic aim of
library is to disseminate knowledge. With the upsurge in the number of
institutes in the field of learning and the intensification of research
activities, the importance of libraries is also growing. This has made the
librarianship attain the status of a separate discipline in the universe of
knowledge. Librarianship is the profession which concerns with organising,
maintenance and storage of books in a library. Librarians are the custodians of
library. Librarians assist people in finding information and using it
effectively in their personal and professional lives. (They help people to
navigate the increasingly far-flung and voluminous world of data.)
Libraries contain books, periodicals,
micro-films, videos, cassettes and slides - for education, research, reference
and pleasure. Those who systematically catalogue, store and display these items
are librarians. The traditional concept of a library is being redefined, from a
place to access paper records or books, to one which also houses the most
advanced media, including CD-ROM, the Internet, virtual libraries, and remote
access to a wide range of resources.
There are different kinds of libraries depending
upon the individuals to which it is catering. Various kinds of libraries are
public, reference, children’s libraries and those attached to offices and
institutions of both private and public. These could include a mobile lending
library. There are also specialist libraries attached to the research and
academic institutions that cater to specific readers in specific subjects such
as medicine, engineering, art, music, or types of books such as Braille or
collections for children.
Eligibility
Educational: Minimum qualification
required to take up a course in Library Science is graduation. One with
graduation can go for Bachelors degree in library science. Duration of this
bachelors course is one year. Those with Bachelor degree in library science can
go for Masters degree in library science which is of one year duration. One can
also go for M.Phil and Ph.D in this field. There are also diploma and
certificate courses.
Various universities, colleges, polytechnics, as
well as distance learning institutions around the country offer courses in
Library Science. In most of the institutes selection is through an entrance
test.
Course areas include library and information
systems management, classification/cataloguing systems, bibliography,
documentation, preservation and conservation of manuscript, library management,
research methodology, computer applications, information processing, archives
management, indexing, library planning etc.
Personal attributes:
One can become a librarian if he/she has a basic
interest in books as well as a variety of topics, good communication skills,
customer service attitude, methodical approach, organising ability, ability to
anticipate user's needs, a wide general knowledge and ability to cope with
frequent interruptions when doing jobs requiring concentration.
They must have knowledge of a wide variety of
scholarly and public information sources, and follow trends related to
publishing, computers, and the media to effectively oversee the selection and
organization of library materials.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job prospects
Trained personnel in this field can find
employment opportunities in areas like:
- Public/Government libraries
- Universities and other academic institutions
- News agencies and organisations
- Private organisations and special libraries
- Foreign embassies
- Photo/film libraries
- Information centres/documentation centers
- Companies and organisations with large information handling requirements
- Museums and galleries, which have reading rooms and research facilities
Some library technicians are self-employed as
researchers, consultants, cataloguers etc. on short term contracts.
Career Options
Librarians are information managers. Librarians
assist people in finding information and using it effectively. A librarian's
work would involve acquiring, organising and dissemination of information.
Besides these, the planning and coordination of the library's financial
operations are also important and essential tasks to be performed. Specific
duties depends on the type of library and position held.
Acquisition of knowledge/information involves
selection, ordering and purchasing materials within the budget limits. For this
one must have to take into consideration users interest and latest developments
in various subjects to be able to maintain a balanced collection.
Organising information involves classification,
cataloguing, storage, record keeping, shelving and maintenance of books and
materials in a manner so as to make it easily accessible to readers and users.
Dissemination of information is the most
important work of the librarian, one that is very much directly related to
users. A librarian thus disseminates information by answering queries, issuing
and receiving books as well as planning and organising activities to encourage
use of the library, like sending out a newsletter informing readers of the
latest acquisitions, or inviting a children's author to read his/her book or
sign autographs.
The career for a librarian may begin at the
level of library attendant and though the promotions may differ from
organization to organization, in general the levels followed thereafter are of
library assistant, junior librarian, assistant librarian, deputy librarian, and
librarian. One may reach up to the level of Director and head an information
centre.
Library Attendant: Takes care of inter-library
loans shelving books, processing bills, subscription renewals and new
memberships.
Library Assistant: Main duties involve
accession, shelf arrangements, levying of fines, maintenance and binding of
books and other materials, location of missing books, and related technical
work.
Junior Librarian/Semi-Professional Assistant: Works at the counter to
receive and issue books, sends out reminders on overdue loans, looks after
accessioning.
Junior Librarian/Professional Assistant: Is responsible for
accessioning, classification, cataloguing, ordering books, as well as handling
computer data.
Junior Librarian/Assistant Librarian: Selects and acquires
books and material, takes care of reference services and computer programming,
as well as supervision of semi-professional assistants.
Deputy Librarian: Oversees administration,
supervision, and computer programming.
Librarian: Is overall in charge of
technical, administrative, and financial matters. Responsibilities include
delegation of duties, library supervision and management, personnel
administration, budgeting, classification and cataloguing, and recommendation
of new acquisitions.
Director/Head Of Information Centre: Works at the policy and
planning level, and is responsible for the center's organization, coordination,
control, leadership, external relations, supervision and administration.
In information services, designations could be:
In information services, designations could be:
Senior Information Analyst: Activities include
processing of information, indexing, documentation etc.
Junior Information Analyst: Assists senior analyst
in all aspects of work.
Information Assistant: Information transfers,
processing, storage and dissemination of information under supervision of
senior staff are the main tasks in this position.
Remuneration
Salaries of librarians vary according to the
individual's qualifications, experience, type, size and the nature of the
hiring institutions. Librarians with primarily administrative duties often have
greater earnings. Government of India scales are higher than those of the University
Grants Commission. In terms of grades- Assistant Librarians are of equal
position to lecturers; Deputy Librarians to Readers; and the Librarian's
position is equivalent to that of a Professor's. Average annual earnings of
librarians is around Rs 100000 - 150000.
Company
Secretary is a professional course administered by The Institute of Company
Secretaries of India (ICSI) under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 to develop
and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India. According to the
Companies Act, companies with a paid up of Rs 50 lakh are required to appoint a
Company Secretary. Company Secretary course gives you knowledge and
understanding of the modern practice in corporate financial and legal affair.
To become a company secretary, the candidate need to pass the Foundation,
Intermediate, and Final course conducted by the institute and further, they
need to undergo practical training to become eligible for the membership as a
Company Secretary.
A Company Secretary's
service is very much important for a company’s management The work of a company
secretary covers a wide variety of functions, he acts as a vital link between
the Company, the Board of Directors, shareholders and governmental and regulatory
agencies. He is a compliance officer of the company as well as Corporate
Planner and Strategic Manager. Apart from carrying out these functions he also
looks after finance, accounts, legal, personnel and administrative functions.
Company Secretary is required to handle matters related to central/state sales
tax, excise laws, labour laws and corporate law.
Company Secretaryship
course is divided into three parts Foundation, Intermediate and Final. This
course is a mixture of postal tuition, optional coaching classes and regular
examinations at specified centers. Candidates who have passed senior secondary
(10+2) can apply for the foundation course. Graduates, post-graduates
(excluding fine arts) and who passed final exam of ICWAI or ICAI or of any other
accountancy Institution in India or abroad recognised by the Council of the
Institute can directly enroll to the intermediate course without doing
foundation course. Candidate who passed the Intermediate exam can apply for
final course. Registration for each examination should be done at least nine
months before the month in which the examination is held. The examinations are
usually held in June and December every year. Study material is provided to the
students at the time of admission.
In recent times, the
rapid corporatisation has increased the demand for Company Secretary's in
corporate functions.
Eligibility: The Company Secretary Course conducted by The
Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) has three sections
-Foundation, Intermediate, and Final course.
The minimum eligibility
required for the Foundation course for Company Secretary is 10+2 or an
equivalent examination. Candidate who has enrolled for the 10+2 examination can
apply with the proof of passing the examination within 6 months. Candidates who
have passed the Foundation Course, and are not less than 17 years of age can
apply for the Intermediate course. Graduates, post-graduates (excluding fine
arts) and those who have passed final exam of ICWAI or ICAI or of any other
accountancy Institution in India or abroad recognised by the Council of the
Institute can directly enroll to the intermediate course without doing
foundation course. A registered student is required to complete the
Intermediate and the Final examination within the registration period. After
passing the intermediate course a registered candidate can apply for the Final
course.
In essence, excellent
command over English, both written and oral is important for a company
secretary. At the same time ability to understand, analyse complex and
technical issues and exercise accordingly with tact and intelligence are other
essentials. It is the moral responsibility of the company secretary to be loyal
to his organisation on knowing their top level plans and important secrets.
Job Prospects and Career Options : Exposure to detailed
study and practical training in various fields adds to versatility of a company
secretary. Company secretary has a great scope of employment in Private
companies, consulting firms, financial institutions, banks, Department of
company affairs and other regulatory bodies. A qualified company secretary is
competent enough to take up wide range of responsibilities in legal,
secretarial, finance, accounts, personnel and administrative departments of
companies and are involved in major decisions such as formulating long and
short term corporate policies and programmes. Their other responsibilities
include incorporation, managing public issues, act as internal legal advisor
and representative, process inter-corporate loans and investments, maintain
company's records, take care of company's tax planning, tax management, tax
returns, explore expansion opportunities, arrange collaborations,
amalgamations, joint ventures within and outside India etc. They are required
to understand relevant aspects of law, update themselves with the changes to
ensure proper compliance of legislations. The job also involves arranging
company meetings, collecting and compiling information and recording the
decisions. Nowadays, they are even foraying in capital markets and financial
services industry. Their assistance in administration, management, planning and
general running of the company makes them the company's chief administrator.
Course Details: Company Secretaryship course is divided into
three sections. Foundation, Intermediate and Final. After the final exam the
candidate has to undergo practical training.
Foundation course: Duration of Foundation
Course is 8 months. Students are required to pass the Foundation examination
within 3 years from the date of their admission. Candidates who have passed
senior secondary (10+2) can apply for foundation course. Registration for
foundation course is open through out the year. The exams for the foundation
course are held in December and June. To appear for the exams in December
candidate should apply for the exam before the previous march. Similarly to
appear for the June exam, candidate should apply before the previous September.
i.e the Registration for each examination should be done at least nine months
before the month in which the examination is held.
Subjects
English and Business Communication (FCEBC)
Basic Economics and Business Environment (FCBE-BE)
Financial Accounting (FCFA)
Elements of Business Laws and Management (FERBAM)
Information Systems and Quantitative Techniques (FCISQT)
Basic Economics and Business Environment (FCBE-BE)
Financial Accounting (FCFA)
Elements of Business Laws and Management (FERBAM)
Information Systems and Quantitative Techniques (FCISQT)
Intermediate course: Candidates who have
passed the foundation course, and are not less than 17 years of age can apply
for intermediate course. Graduates, post-graduates (excluding fine arts) and
those who have passed final exam of ICWAI or ICAI or of any other accountancy
Institution in India or abroad recognised by the Council of the Institute can
directly enroll to the intermediate course without doing foundation course.
Intermediate course consist of two groups. Candidates registered for
intermediate course including the month of February in a year are eligible for
appearing in both the groups of the Intermediate examination held in December
of that year and those registered up to and including the month of August in a
year are eligible to appear in the Intermediate examination held in June of
next year.
Subjects
Group I
General and Commercial Laws (IGCL)
Company Accounts and Cost & Management Accounting (ICA&CMA)
Tax Laws (ITL)
Management Information Systems and Corporate Communication (IMIS&CC)
General and Commercial Laws (IGCL)
Company Accounts and Cost & Management Accounting (ICA&CMA)
Tax Laws (ITL)
Management Information Systems and Corporate Communication (IMIS&CC)
Group II
Company Law (ICL)
Company Secretarial Practice (ICSP)
Economic, Labour and Industrial Laws (IELIL)
Securities Laws and Regulation of Financial Markets (ISLRFM)
Company Law (ICL)
Company Secretarial Practice (ICSP)
Economic, Labour and Industrial Laws (IELIL)
Securities Laws and Regulation of Financial Markets (ISLRFM)
A candidate can get exemption for some individual
papers on the basis of qualification -
- Company Accounts and Cost & Management Accounting (ICA&CMA) - Master of Corporate Secretaryship/M.Com./M.B.A (with Accountancy as one of the subjects at B.A (C.S)/B.Com. level with full paper in Cost Accounting/Management Accounting/Financial Management at Master of Corporate Secretaryship/M.Com./M.B.A. level and must have secured fifty per cent marks in the subject concerned of a recognised university is exempted from this subject.
- General and Commercial Laws (IGCL) - A degree in Law or Master of Corporate Secretaryship is exempted from this subject.
- Tax Laws(ITL) - Master of Corporate Secretaryship is exempted from this subject.
A Candidate who has
passed the Final examination of the ICWAI is eligible to seek exemption from
the following papers of Intermediate examination under a reciprocal arrangement
existing at present between the two Institutes- Company Accounts and Cost &
Management Accounting (ICA&CMA), Tax Laws(ITL)in the intermediate level. Financial,
Treasury and Forex Management, Direct and Indirect Taxation - Law and Practice
in the final level.
Final course
A student is admitted to
the Final examination only after a minimum period of nine months after passing
intermediate examination. The examinations are conducted twice a year in June
and December. Last date for enrolment applications for the final examination is
25th March (with late fee of Rs. 100, 9th April) for June examination and 25th
September (with late fee of Rs. 100, 10th October) for December examination.
Subjects:
Group I
Advanced Company Law and Practice (FACLP)
Secretarial Practice relating to Economic Laws and Drafting and Conveyancing (FSPELDC)
Secretarial Management and Systems Audit (FSMSA)
Advanced Company Law and Practice (FACLP)
Secretarial Practice relating to Economic Laws and Drafting and Conveyancing (FSPELDC)
Secretarial Management and Systems Audit (FSMSA)
Group II
Financial, Treasury and Forex Management (FFTFM)
Corporate Restructuring-Law and Practice (FCRLP)
Banking and Insurance-Law and Practice (FBILP)
Financial, Treasury and Forex Management (FFTFM)
Corporate Restructuring-Law and Practice (FCRLP)
Banking and Insurance-Law and Practice (FBILP)
Group III
WTO-International Trade, Joint Ventures and Foreign Collaborations (FWTO)
Direct and Indirect Taxation-Law and Practice (FDITLP)
Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations (FHRMIR)
WTO-International Trade, Joint Ventures and Foreign Collaborations (FWTO)
Direct and Indirect Taxation-Law and Practice (FDITLP)
Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations (FHRMIR)
Training
A candidate who has
passed the Final examination of the Institute is required to possess the
practical experience and undergo the practical training. The objectives of
training is to apprise the students with the functioning of the Corporate
Sector and to create a cadre of professional Company Secretaries having a sound
theoretical base and practical exposure to serve trade and industry
effectively, both as a part of the management team as well as independent
practicing professionals. Students who do not possess the specified practical
experience are required to undergo on the job training for a period of fifteen
months in recognised companies or under a Company Secretary in Practice duly
approved for the purpose.
Examination Centres: Ahmedabad, Allahabad,
Bangalore, Baroda, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Coimbatore, Delhi,
Ernakulam, Ghaziabad, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Jamshedpur, Kanpur,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Madurai, Mangalore, Modinagar, Mumbai, Nagpur, Panaji, Patna,
Pondicherry, Pune, Ranchi, Shimla, Jammu/Srinagr, Tiruchirapalli,
Thiruvananthapuram & Visakhapatnam.
Careers in Public Relation
Public
Relation is a management function that involves monitoring and evaluating
public attitudes and maintaining mutual relations and understanding between an
organisation and its public. Public could include shareholders, government,
consumers, employees and the media. It is the act of getting along with people
we constantly come in touch with. PROs ensures internal cohesion in the company
by maintaining a clear communications network between the management and
employees. Its first objective is to improve channels of communication and to
establish new ways of setting up a two-way flow of information and
understanding.
Public relations as a separate career option has came into existence when lots of private or government companies and institution felt the need to market their product, service and facilities. Public image is important to all organisations and prominent personalities. The role of public relation specialist becomes pertinent in crisis situations when the correct and timely transmission of information can help save the face of the organisation.
In terms of career opportunities, Public relations is broadly practiced for product publicity, corporate publicity, to have better relations with the government, to publish corporate publications like newsletter, bulletins, magazines for employees etc.
Public relations as a separate career option has came into existence when lots of private or government companies and institution felt the need to market their product, service and facilities. Public image is important to all organisations and prominent personalities. The role of public relation specialist becomes pertinent in crisis situations when the correct and timely transmission of information can help save the face of the organisation.
In terms of career opportunities, Public relations is broadly practiced for product publicity, corporate publicity, to have better relations with the government, to publish corporate publications like newsletter, bulletins, magazines for employees etc.
Eligibility
Educational: Bachelors degree in any discipline preferably
with social sciences, liberal arts and humanities is required to take up a
course in this field. There are diploma as well as post graduate diploma
courses in Public relations. Duration of most the courses is of one year. Apart
from this there are also short term certificate courses. Most training
programmes in Advertising also includes public relations. Some institutes have
entrance exams while others prefer admission on merit basis.
These courses mainly cover areas like public
relations principles and techniques, public relations management and
administration, including organizational development, writing, emphasizing news
releases, proposals, annual reports, scripts, speeches, and related items, visual
communications, including desktop publishing and computer graphics, and
research, emphasizing social science research and survey design and
implementation.
Personal Attributes: One must have
excellent communication skills, both spoken and written so has to express
thoughts clearly and simply. An effective personality and the ability to get
along with a wide range of people both inside and outside an organisation is
necessary. Must be polite always as he has to work under pressure or
provocation. An organising ability is required too, as one may have to organise
press conferences, lectures, exhibitions and events. Must have self-confidence
and farsightedness. He must be able to understand human psychology and take
decisions apt to the situation. Analytical skills are required to interpret
research information and plan activity.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job Prospects
Public relation officers can find employment in
the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies,
hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc.
Nowadays they can find work even with individuals like political figures,
models and film stars who want their pictures, profiles and interviews
published in magazines and need agents who can do the work for them so as to
have a image in front of general public.
Career Options
Public relations officers have to work within
and outside the organisation. Within the concern they have to conduct
management-employee meets, to inform organisations policies, activities and
accomplishments. Outside he has to liaison with government departments, trade
unions, press etc whose cooperation is required for the smooth functioning, and
also have to manage complaints from the consumers, organise events like fairs,
exhibitions etc.
The work involves keeping management aware of
public attitudes and concerns of the many groups and organizations with which
they must deal. In addition, public relations departments employ public
relations specialists to write, research, prepare materials, maintain contacts,
and respond to inquiries.
Another important area of work in this field is
to create public identity or an image for public figures like political
parties, models and film stars. It include advising them on every aspect of
personality, including dress code, behavior, statement given in press, public
appearances etc.
Lobbying, a new field in this career, involves
bringing about the passage of laws favorable to the special interest group they
represent like a company, industries, government etc. It is a strategy used to
raise public consciousness and influence policy makers in areas like
environment, human rights, education etc. This is an interesting area of work
in public relation.
Remuneration
One can start with a salary of Rs 3,000 to Rs
6,000 a month, depending on the kind of organisation that one joins.
Thereafter, it is up to one's performance. A senior PR professional may get Rs
10,000 to Rs 25,000.
Careers in Law
Legal profession is one of the growing and lucrative
professions all over the world. It is one of the most adventurous as well as
exciting career. Lawyers are held in high esteem in our society, and there
remains the faith that when all else fails, one can still take recourse to the
legal system. In our daily life in one way or other we may come across
situations where legal advice is required. In such situation we need the advice
of a legal professionals who analyse and interpret law properly.
Lawyers counsel clients about their legal rights and suggest
course of action in a particular matter. They also advise clients and draw up
legal documents, such as wills and contracts and conduct negotiations on legal
matters, and may represent clients in court and tribunal proceedings.
Academic excellence is not the main thing behind the success in
this profession. Professional competence acquired through experience and
practice with efficient lawyers is the main yardstick of success.
There are various areas of specialisation in this field which one
can choose from like corporation law, civil law, criminal law, international
law, labour law, patent law, tax law and so on.
There are number of institutions and universities conducting
courses in law. The most premier among law universities in India is National
Law School Of India University (NLSIU), Bangalore. Admission to NLSIU is
through an All India Admission Test held usually on first Sunday in May.
University College Bangalore, Government College Mumbai, ILS law college and
Symbiosis college, Pune and Faculty of Law of Delhi University, Aligarh Muslim
University etc are some of the other leading legal Institutions in India.
Eligibility : Educational: Minimum qualification
to go for a course in law (LLB) is 10+2. Course duration is of 5 years and is
sponsored by the Bar Council Of India.
P.G. Programmes in law (LLM) are of 2 years duration &
eligibility is LLB degree.
In addition to LL.B. degree, many universities and institutes also
offer other diploma courses in several disciplines of law, including
Administrative Law, International Law, Labour Laws, Tax Laws and Corporate
Laws.
In most of the institutes/universities, selection is on the basis
of an entrance test. The entrance examination is objective type in nature. The
questions invariably cover areas like Reasoning, General Awareness, Numerical
Aptitude, Legal Aptitude and Preliminary Political Science.
Teaching is not restricted to the conventional class-room methods
alone, it include case studies, mock court etc. to make the study more
practical and interesting.
There are various branches of specialisation in law like civil
law, criminal law, corporate law, property law, income tax law, marine law,
public international law, family law, labour law, press law, excise law,
constitutional law, administration law, sale of goods law, trade mark,
copyright and patent law etc. one can choose from.
Personal attributes: Success in this profession is not based on marks one obtain in the
exam, but it is very much related to personal attributes. One must have good
oral and written communication skills, logical reasoning, power of
concentration, patience, good memory to relate and quote past cases to prove
your point, ability to argue and discuss matters with a variety of people, self
confidence, courage to deal with threats especially in criminal cases etc. He
should have up-to-date information on any changes in law. A good library and a
fair amount of reading is also important.
Job Prospects and Career Options:
Job prospects : They can find employment in various courts of law, in government
service both Central and State government, as teachers, as legal advisors in
various companies, business houses, organisations etc. They also do private
practice as legal advisors, advocates, solicitors etc.
Career Options : One who wishes to
become an advocate and practice law as a profession in India, should enroll
with the local State Central Bar council. An application for admission as an
advocate shall be made in the prescribed form to the State Bar Council within
whose jurisdiction the applicant proposes to practice. The Bar Council of India
and the State Bar Councils forms a self contained code of law for legal
professionals practicing in India.
Lawyers can find employment in a variety of positions in the
Government Service as well as other fields. Lawyer can also work as legal
counsel and legal advisers for firms, organizations and families. They can work
as trustees of various trusts, as teachers, law reporters, company secretary
and so on. Opportunities exist in the defense services too. Additional
qualification along with law degree offers scope for a wide range of employment
opportunities.
Government Services : Lawyers are appointed
in central services ( Indian legal service) through UPSC on grounds of their
experience in the field. Post covered under Indian legal service are Law
officers, Assistant Advisors, Dy. Legal Advisors and Legal Advisors.
State legal service appoints lawyers through SPSC exams in senior
position in State police/Revenue/Judicial Departments. The basic qualification
is degree in law, besides a degree in Arts / Science / Commerce / Agriculture.
Average age limit is between 21 to 30 years.
In the judiciary, the posts are that of the magistrate, district
and sessions judge, munsifs (sub-magistrate), public prosecutor, solicitors,
attorney general, advocate general, notary and oath commissioner. There are
also legal secretaries appointed in assemblies, law inspectors, legal officers
in banks, judicial members of income tax, sales tax and excise departments,
government advocates and staff in the registrar of companies' office. The
examination for these posts take place periodically & is advertised as and
when the vacancies occur.
Magistrate and Sub-Magistrate : A candidate who
qualifies in the Law Service Commission or State Public Service Commission is
eligible for appointment as Magistrate and Sub-Magistrate ( munsif). While
magistrate presides over criminal court, munsif delivers judgment on civil
cases. Promotion may take a person higher up to sub-judge, District and
Sessions Courts Judge and further (depending upon seniority and vacancy) to
appointments in High Courts and the Supreme Court.
Public Defenders : At the state, federal
and local level, public defenders serve as court-appointed attorneys for those
who cannot afford an attorney.
Public Prosecutor : Govt. Pleaders
represent the State in sessions courts and lends advice to officers in
districts in all legal matters when called for.
Solicitor : Advices the government on legal matters
and submit statement of important cases to Attorney General of India for his
opinion or appearance in the Supreme court as necessary. A Solicitor General
makes sure that the Attorney General performs his duties properly.
Attorney General: Attorney general
appointed by the president advices the government of India on such legal
matters as may be assigned to him by the president. He has the right of
audience in all courts of India and participate in the proceedings of
Parliament without the right to vote.
Advocate General : Similar to the post
of Attorney General at centre, each state has an Advocate General appointed by
State Governors. These offices generally prosecute cases that have statewide
significance and work with local District Attorney's offices in the prosecution
of cases. One of the best ways to gain trial experience quickly after
graduation is to work at a state attorney's office.
District Attorney:Assistant State
Attorneys (also called district attorneys) are primarily responsible for criminal
matters and prosecution. The District Attorney is usually an elected official.
Depending upon the size of the District Attorney's office, they may have
multiple units that focus upon different types of crime such as domestic
violence, homicide, appellate work or sex crimes. If you work with a smaller
District Attorney's office, you may have the option of handling diverse
caseloads.
Notary, Oath Commissioner : A notary is a legal
practitioner of at least ten years experience in the profession. He is appointed
on application to Central, State government to draw, verify, authenticate,
certify and attest the execution of any deed. Oath commissioner is another
established authority similar to the notary.
Legal Advisers : Public sector
undertakings and state and central government organisations also employ lawyers
as advisers.
Other fields : Lawyer can also work
as legal counsel and legal advisers for firms, organizations and families. They
can work as trustees of various trusts, as teachers, law reporters, company
secretary and so on. Opportunities exist in the defense services too.
Additional qualification along with law degree offers scope for a wide range of
employment opportunities.
Defence Service : They can work in the
legal branches of defence departments such as the Indian army, Navy and Air
force. They conduct courts of enquiry and court martials of offending service
personnel governed by the particular legislation acts.
Legal Advisors: They work in legal
departments of firms or for private clients. Legal advisors counsel their
clients as to their legal rights and obligations and suggest the appropriate
course of action in business and personal matters. They also check deeds, issue
writs, collect information for affidavits and draft legal documents.
Advocate:An advocate practises in the court of
law. He represents a party (individual, group of individuals or a company) in a
court of law. They present the facts of the case to the judge, cross examine
witnesses and finally sum up the reasons as to why the court should decide in
their clients' favour.
Solicitor : Solicitor is a kind of advisor to
clients on a variety of matters that involves law. Solicitors explain the cases
of his clients to the advocates. Solicitors need never appear in court
directly. Solicitor's firms undertake cases related to their area of work.
Teacher : Those with a good aptitude and taste
for teaching, can go for LL.M and take up job in any University or Institute
offering law courses to students.
Writer : If he has a flair for writing may act
as an author and produce journals and legal commentaries and bring out law
reports. They can write articles for magazines, news papers etc.
Company Secretary: A law graduate and/or
a member of the Institute of Company Secretaries can be employed as a company
secretary in a firm.
Remuneration: Salaries of experienced attorneys vary widely according to the
type, size, and location of their employer. Initially an articled clerk or
apprentice earns a stipend of Rs 2,200/- This will increase substantially over
years of experience. In the government judicial service salaries range from Rs
2,000-4,000. A sub judge earns Rs 5,500 along with the usual allowances and
perquisites applicable to government employees. Most salaried lawyers are
provided health and life insurance, and contributions are made on their behalf
to retirement plans. The private legal practitioner earns comparatively
handsome amounts.
Careers in Commercial Pilot
The job of commercial
pilot is the most glamorous and exciting job in aviation. It is highly rated
and one of the most adventurous career which requires intensive training. This
profession also demands a lot of time, dedication, patience and sacrifice. A
career in aviation attracts many youngsters as it provide opportunity to travel
around the globe. This is a lucrative field. But apart from all those
attractive things the job of a commercial pilot makes him responsible for the
aircraft he flies and the lives of his passengers.
The most important person on an aircraft is the pilot. Pilots are highly trained professionals who fly airplanes and helicopters carrying passengers or cargo.
This is a highly specialised job which requires knowledge of air navigation, interpretation of meteorological reports, operations of sophisticated electronic and mechanical controls, leading the aircraft under adverse circumstances, and being a leader to the flight crew and passengers under climatic and other emergency situations.
There are a number of institutes under the recognition of the Directorate General Of Civil Aviation which conducts training in this field. Most prominent among them is Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Academy at Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh). Other major training centres are flying clubs at Mumbai and Delhi.
The most important person on an aircraft is the pilot. Pilots are highly trained professionals who fly airplanes and helicopters carrying passengers or cargo.
This is a highly specialised job which requires knowledge of air navigation, interpretation of meteorological reports, operations of sophisticated electronic and mechanical controls, leading the aircraft under adverse circumstances, and being a leader to the flight crew and passengers under climatic and other emergency situations.
There are a number of institutes under the recognition of the Directorate General Of Civil Aviation which conducts training in this field. Most prominent among them is Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Academy at Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh). Other major training centres are flying clubs at Mumbai and Delhi.
Eligibility
Educational: To become a commercial pilot in India, one ha s
to first possess a Student Pilot License (SPL). To get the SPL those with 10+2
with science and aged at least 16 years should register at a flying club which
is recognized by Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Government of
India. Registration requires a medical certificate, security clearance and a
bank guarantee. An oral examination in subjects such as Air Regulations,
Aviation Meteorology, Air Navigation, Engine (technical and specific) follows
the registration. Successful completion of the examination entitles you for an
SPL certificate.
The second step is the Private Pilot License
(PPL). PPL training includes sixty hours of flying of which about fifteen hours
are dual flights, that is accompanied by the flight instructor and at least 30
hours of solo flights apart from five hours of cross-country flying. This makes
one eligible for the PPL exam, which consists of Air Regulation, Aviation
Meteorology, Air Navigation, Aircraft Engines and Seamanship. The prescribed
age for appearing for this exam is 17 years and an educational qualification of
10+2 along with a medical Fitness Certificate issued by the Armed Forces
Central Medical Establishment (AFCME).
A Commercial Pilot Licence may be obtained only
after a PPL has been acquired. To obtain a Commercial Pilots License (CPL) 250
hours of flying (including 60 hours for the PPL) is necessary. Besides that you
have to undergo a Medical Fitness Test which is held at New Delhi and an
examination which consists of Air Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, Air
Navigation, Technical, Planning, and communications in the form of Radio &
Wireless Transmission. With the CPL, a pilot can take up any professional
assignment.
Personal Attributes: This is a filed of
discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality, commitment and
self-confidence. The job requires a lot of hard work, stamina, alertness of
mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules, good team spirit etc.
Must be mentally very alert in every situation. Emotional stability in crisis
situations is another characteristic that the pilots should have. Apart from
these qualities, the persons willing to take up this as profession, should be
calm, pleasant, compassionate, adventurous, understanding and technically
sound.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
Job Prospects
With the privatisation, lot of avenues have
opened for CPL holders. They can find employment opportunities in both
government (Indian Airlines, Air India) as well as private domestic and
international (Jet Airways, Sahara etc.) airlines. Even large corporate houses
with their own aircraft require the services of pilots.
Career options
In this field after getting CPL one start as a
trainee pilot. After being a trainee, one becomes a pilot or first officer on
board based on ones seniority. Seniority is determined by hours of flying
experience and successful completion of various programs. Then one becomes a
Commander or Captain and thereafter a Senior Commander.
From pre-take off to actual landing and signing
off, pilot must be highly responsible. Before take-off pilots check pre-flight
plans. These includes the route to be taken and height maintained,
meteorological readings, conditions of all equipments, air pressure and
temperature inside the aircraft etc. They have to do complex calculations of
take-off and landing and have to check fuel needed for the particular distance
to be traveled and height and weight to be maintained. During the flight too
pilot must be constantly alert, ensuring there are no mechanical snags,
maintaining contact with air traffic controls and cabin crew through-out the
flight. He also has to keep a record of flight details.
Remuneration
Pay scales of commercial pilots in the public
sector organizations depend on the grade level of the positions. They will get
attractive remuneration and incentives. The total remuneration also includes
contributory provident fund, gratuity, medical facilities and free/concessional
air passage. Pilots are also entitled to a range of benefits and allowances in
addition to housing, medical and out- station allowances, as well as
free/concessional air passages for their immediate family and dependants.
Commercial pilots can earn from Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 150,000 per month, depending
on the airline and one's experience.
Careers in Psychology
Psychology
is a branch of science that deals with mental processes and behavior. It is the
systematic study of human and animal behaviour, mind and thought. To pursue the
career of a psychologist, one should have a genuine desire to help other human
beings.
Psychology is mainly concerned with the way the
mind works. Psychologists study the processes, motives, reactions, feelings and
nature of the human mind. Their treatment is based on changing the behavioural
patterns of the patients without medication. They do counceling and help people
by bringing about changes in their thought process, thus improving their
quality of life.
Psychologists need not have a medical degree.
But they have to study several years to specialise in various aspects of
psychology. One can pursue Psychology at the plus two level, graduate, post
graduate and doctorate level. There are specialisations in many fields of
psychology such as social psychology, child psychology, occupational
psychology, clinical psychology, educational psychology, experimental
psychology, etc
Psychologists teach, practice and do research or
work in one of the many branches of applied psychology. They apply their knowledge
and techniques to a wide range of endeavors, including human services,
management, education, law and sports.
Eligibility
Psychology is offered as a subject at the Plus
Two or equivalent level with a combination of other social sciences and statistics.
At the graduate level, one can study psychology as an Honors subject in most
universities. After graduation, one can opt for an MA or MSc in Psychology,
Social work or Counseling. Specialisations in the subject can be pursued at the
post graduate level or at the doctoral level- M.Phil or Ph.D, after post
graduation. At the master's and doctoral level, education becomes increasingly
specialized.
Post graduate courses in psychology are offered
only to students who have graduated with psychology. Post graduate and doctoral
degrees in Psychology puts emphasis on research. If your interest is in
practice, i.e helping people with problems (counseling ) you could opt for
Psychology-related graduate programs such as education and social work
For those who do not wish to put in too many
years of study, there are one year Diploma courses in Special Education or
Mental Retardation.
Educational:
For Bachelor programme in psychology - 10+2
For Post graduate courses in psychology - Bachelor degree in psychology
For Ph.D./ M.Phil - PG or Diploma in psychology
For Post graduate courses in psychology - Bachelor degree in psychology
For Ph.D./ M.Phil - PG or Diploma in psychology
Duration:
Graduation in psychology is a 3 year programme.
Post graduation is of 2 years duration and during the course, specialization in a special branch of psychology is possible.
M.Phil or Ph.D. is of 2 year duration.
Post graduation is of 2 years duration and during the course, specialization in a special branch of psychology is possible.
M.Phil or Ph.D. is of 2 year duration.
Personal Skills: Good communication
skills, patience, ability to work with all kinds of social/ cultural and age
groups are the essential qualities of a psychologist. They should have a
genuine interest in people, their behaviour and have empathy for their
problems. They have to be sensitive and caring and also have the ability to
understand people of very different backgrounds and upbringing.
Course area
Study of psychology includes a diverse range of
activities such as the processes of thinking, learning and perceiving,
remembering, forgetting, physiology of the nervous system, development of
children, social relationships and their effect on personality development,
mental disorders, applications of psychology to the study of society, industry,
education etc., techniques of experimenting and testing, and statistics. There
is a wide variety of topics in the professional study of psychology and some
overlapping occurs between the different specialized branches. Good at
science, math, critical reading and writing.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
The nature of work of a psychologist is
influenced most by the areas of specialisation in the subject. They work in a
number of different settings, including universities and colleges, primary and
secondary schools, government agencies, private industry, hospitals, clinics,
and private practices. They are also employed in social welfare organizations,
research establishments, rehabilitation centres, prisons, child/ youth guidance
centres, advertising industry and in a variety of other set-ups.
Psychologist with master's degree, work under
the supervision of one or more doctoral level psychologists. Those with
bachelor's degree are eligible for jobs in community health centers and
vocational rehabilitations and as administrative assistants.
Career Options
Career prospects in Psychology depend on the
area of specialization. There are variety of options for psychologists. They
can specialise in various areas such as
Clinical Psychologists - Clinical Psychologists
work in counseling centers, independent or group practices, hospitals,
community health centers or clinics. They help mentally and emotionally
disturbed clients adjust to life and may help medical and surgical patients
deal with illnesses or injuries. Areas of specialization within clinical
psychology include health psychology, neuro psychology, and gero psychology.
Counseling Psychologists - Counseling is the skill
of helping normal people, through discussion, to decide how best to cope in
specific situations. Counseling psychologists deals with people who have
serious emotional and personal problems. They use various techniques, including
interviewing and testing, to advise people on how to deal with problems of
everyday living.
Social Psychologists - Social psychologists
work with social organisations and institutions in research, systems design or
other applied psychology fields. They seek to understand the nature and causes
of individual behaviour with others and with the social environment.
Educational Psychologists - They work in schools and
colleges with teachers, students, parents and administrators to resolve
students learning and behaviour problems. They may evaluate the effectiveness
of academic programs, behavior management procedures, and other services
provided in the school setting.
Industrial Psychologists - Industrial psychologists
work for business, industry or government. They apply psychological principles
and research methods to the workplace to improve the working conditions and
productivity of employees. They also advise companies on ways of getting
consumers interested in products and services.
Research psychologists - As researchers,
psychologists proceed like scientists. They investigate the physical,
cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behavior. They use laboratory
experiments and various kinds of tests, interviews, questionnaires and surveys.
Prominent areas of study in experimental research include motivation, thought,
attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of
substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior.
Developmental psychologists - They study the
physiological, cognitive, and social development that takes place throughout
life. Some specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence,
or changes that occur during maturity or old age.
Remuneration
The work of a professional psychologist is
challenging and highly remunerative. Earnings depend on qualification, area of
specialisation and experience. The highest- paying position is for
psychologists having M.Phil and Ph.D degree. Remunerations in the corporate
sector are the highest, though salaries vary according to the level of
involvement and the job profile. At the entry level the remuneration varies
approximately from Rs. 5000/- to Rs.8000/-. Established consultants in any of
the fields of specialization can earn at an average between Rs.8000 to
Rs.10,000 or even more. Those are in private practice have much more earnings.
Careers in Journalism/Mass Communication
Journalism
is concerned with collection and dissemination of news through the print media
as well as the electronic media. This involves various areas of works like
reporting, writing, editing, photographing, broadcasting or cable casting news
items.
Journalism is classified into two on the basis of media- (i) Print Journalism and (ii) Electronic (Audio/Visual) Journalism. Print Journalism includes newspapers, magazines and journals. In print journalism one can work as editors, reporters, columnists, correspondents etc. Electronic journalism includes working for Radio, Television and the Web. In the web, skilled people are required to maintain sites by web newspapers (which cater only to the web and do not have print editions) and popular newspapers and magazines who have their own web editions. In electronic journalism one can be a reporter, writer, editor, researcher, correspondent and anchor.
Career in journalism is a prestigious profession as well as a highly paid one. Journalist play a major role in the development of nation. It is through them that we get information about daily happenings in the society. The purpose of journalism itself is to inform and interpret, educate and enlighten the people.
The opportunities for journalists are endless and at the same time the job has become more challenging, as the new world is proving the adage that "the pen (and the camera) is mightier than the sword." Simple reporting of events is no more sufficient, more specialisation and professionalism in reporting is required. Journalists specialize in diverse areas, such as politics, finance and economics, investigation, culture and sports for newspapers and periodicals.
Journalism is classified into two on the basis of media- (i) Print Journalism and (ii) Electronic (Audio/Visual) Journalism. Print Journalism includes newspapers, magazines and journals. In print journalism one can work as editors, reporters, columnists, correspondents etc. Electronic journalism includes working for Radio, Television and the Web. In the web, skilled people are required to maintain sites by web newspapers (which cater only to the web and do not have print editions) and popular newspapers and magazines who have their own web editions. In electronic journalism one can be a reporter, writer, editor, researcher, correspondent and anchor.
Career in journalism is a prestigious profession as well as a highly paid one. Journalist play a major role in the development of nation. It is through them that we get information about daily happenings in the society. The purpose of journalism itself is to inform and interpret, educate and enlighten the people.
The opportunities for journalists are endless and at the same time the job has become more challenging, as the new world is proving the adage that "the pen (and the camera) is mightier than the sword." Simple reporting of events is no more sufficient, more specialisation and professionalism in reporting is required. Journalists specialize in diverse areas, such as politics, finance and economics, investigation, culture and sports for newspapers and periodicals.
Eligibility
Educational Qualification: Bachelor's degree or
post-graduate degree in journalism/mass communication is required to pursue a
career in this field. Additional course work, specialized training or
experience, fieldwork or internship increases one's opportunities in the field.
There are a number of universities and institutes offering training in
journalism.
Minimum eligibility for Bachelor degree in
journalism is 10+2 and for Post graduate degree courses a Bachelor degree in
journalism. Some institutes also provide one year certificate courses in
journalism for which eligibility is 10+2. There are also courses in specialized
areas of journalism like sports, television, photo, press law etc.
No course or training can claim to make one, a
journalist. The courses train persons in the technical aspects only, to ensure
one's success in the field one must have an inborn ability to write and produce
new stories in correct, concise and interesting style. Latest trend in this
regard is that big groups of newspapers advertise the posts of trainees for
which all graduates are eligible. After conducting the entrance examination,
suitable graduate trainees, with flair for writing are selected and employed.
In other words, now the formal academic qualification for being a reporter,
copy writer or correspondent is not essential.
Personal Attributes: To become a journalist
one should have an inquisitive mind, will power, an aptitude for presenting
information in an accurate, concise and effective manner, organize their
thoughts and to express themselves clearly both orally and in writing. At the
same time a journalist has to be tactful, confident and organised while
interviewing people from all walks of life. They must have the ability to sift
relevant facts from the irrelevant. The ability to accept criticism and
willingness to do considerable rewriting are also necessary.
Job Prospects and
Career Options
They can find employment with newspapers,
periodicals and magazines, central information service, press information
bureau, websites, AIR and TV channels like Doordarshan, ZEE TV, Star TV etc. At
the same time they can do freelancing. One can also take up this career as a
part time employment along with any other field of work.
Career Options in Journalism
Journalists can work as editors, reporters,
columnists, correspondents, staff or freelance writer, photojournalists,
proofreaders, news analysts etc. in print (newspapers and magazines) and
electronic (Radio, Television and Web) media.
Editing
Editor: In the editing field there are various
positions:
Chief Editor/Resident Editor: Chief /resident editor
is in charge of the over-all functions of the publication. His primary
responsibility is to supervise the functions of collection, selection and
presentation of news. He reads and corrects copy for publication, decide on the
editorial policy and the content of publications. Resident editor is in charge
of a particular edition (Eg: Chennai edition, Mumbai edition etc.).
Personal attributes: He should have excellent
journalistic vision- awareness of the major or minor political and current
affairs, communication skills, leadership quality and long term experience as
an editor.
Sub Editor: They assist chief editor
in selecting & sorting the contents. Their job involves re-writing stories
to fit the space assigned, improve the language, insert punctuation etc. They
also give headlines and help in page layout. There are number of sub editors
for each news paper. The chief sub editor is in charge of the team of sub
editors- he assigns work and coordinates and supervises them. He act as a link
between the chief editor and sub editors.
News /Feature Editor: He is the right-hand man
of the chief editor. He decides on the news to be published in the newspaper
each day. He collect news, controls the network of correspondents, reporting
staff and other news sources, allocate assignments and attend editorial
conferences.
Associate Editor: He directs the
preparation of a section of a newspaper, magazine or a television or radio
segment. He prepares news, feature articles and critical reviews, and plans the
layout of the publication, assigns reporting staff and photographers to obtain
coverage of matters of news or interest related to his section.
Personal attributes: Editors must have the
ability to write & edit articles, take speedy decisions, a questioning
mentality and an awareness of current affairs.
Job Prospectus: They can find job with
newspaper groups, publishers of magazines and journals, Indian Information
Service of the Government, websites etc.
Proofreader: A proofreader compare
proofs and edited copy (Written, typed or printed material) to ensure that the
final text is complete and accurate, and that the spelling and punctuation are
correct before final printing. They mark proofs for corrections, check revised
proofs to ensure that the corrections have been made. They must have sound
knowledge of spelling, punctuation and grammar, should be able to pay
particular attention to detail and retain concentration for a long period.
Reporting
Reporter: He is the one who
reports events as and when it occurs. The reporter is said to be the eyes &
ears of the newspaper. Reporter attend press conferences, conduct interviews,
visit sites of major occurrence and gather first hand report and present them
in an unbiased manner. Their job involves a lot of traveling. A Chief reporter
is in charge of the team of reporters, and assigns work to the reporters. Main
newspapers employ reporters in all major cities.
Personal attributes: Reporter should have an
analytic approach, perseverance, cool temperament, writing skill and
self-confidence. He should have good contacts with various news resources and
an ability to sense news.
Correspondent/Special Reporters: They are reporters for
special purposes and their task involves reporting on a particular topic like
politics, foreign affairs, sports, finance etc. They often report on news
covering their area of expertise from a place where the particular event is
happening. Their aim is to interpret or explain news, and comment on the
events, trends and causes behind it. Special correspondent must choose the
concerned field in which he has special interest to make a success out of it.
Usually one must have sufficient experience as a reporter to become a special
correspondent.
Writing
Writer: A writer chooses themes or subjects for
written work, conduct research into the subject, assemble background material
and obtain other necessary data. Writers may specialise in- Journalism, fiction
writing; children's books, educational textbook writing, historical writing and
transferring oral histories into written form, humour or comedy writing and so
on. In journalism, writers can be feature writers, leader writers, writers for
multimedia and web and so on.
Feature writer: Feature writers writes
detailed stories or presents commentaries on specific news topics. They
research and analyse facts and draw conclusions on a particular topic. They can
cover any topic of public interest like interviews, organising data and
evidence, feature story leads etc. Feature writing is more descriptive and
detailed than news reporting.
Leader Writer: He gives ideas on news
topics in the editorial columns of newspapers or magazines and discusses
prospects of improvement with trainee writers.
Writing for Multimedia and the Web: Writers are required in
multimedia and the worldwide Web for writing news and other articles. They must
have a skill for writing precise text adaptive to the environment. If you can
communicate your ideas through graphics, animation etc it is an added advantage
in this field.
Columnist: They are writers who
contribute regularly to a publication. Usually one column on general or a
specific topic is devoted to the writer. They writes a regular segment within
their particular interest category, e.g. gardening, fashion, politics, films. The
columnist usually projects a point of view, and could either be a commentator
or a critic. They review developments in special areas they write on & may
contribute to a number of news papers at the same time.
Critic: A critic needs to be well read, have adequate
knowledge and experience in his respective field. One can be a critic in
various fields like film, art, drama etc. Only persons having good knowledge
about the particular subject/art can authoritatively write about the subject.
Photography
Photo Journalist or News Photographer: They are the visual
reporters. Photo journalists accompany reporters on assignments to take
pictures that support a news story, feature or interview. They must know what
makes a good news picture; be able to write accurate captions, work well with
reporters, be quick and often work under difficult conditions. They must have
good knowledge about technical aspects of photography like lighting, speed etc.
to take photographs apt for the particular situation.
Others
Fashion Journalist: He is an overall
in-charge of a fashion magazine. It is through him that the general public gets
to know the latest fashion trends. He should have excellent taste for fashion
and keeps himself abreast with latest fashion news, consumer reaction to new
collections, fashion shows, current and future trends in colour, design and
fabric. Today fashion journalist has a bright scope for employment as there is
a need for exclusive articles and programmes with the development of fashion
industry.
Cartoonists and illustrators make a social or
political comment on public figures or events in the form of a cartoon that is
funny as well as witty. A cartoon is one man's view of the world.
Other departments included in the publication of
a newspaper or periodical are : production, advertising, legal affairs
department, circulation and public relations.
Remuneration
The minimum salary as per government directive
has to be Rs. 5500 to Rs. 9000 for reporters and senior reporters, Rs. 5000 to
Rs. 10,500 for the chief reporters and sub-editors, and Rs. 7500 to 12000 for
editors. Actual salaries offered depend on the company one is working with, and
can be anything from very high to very low.
Travel and stay expenses as well as allowances
are additional with all pay packets. Freelancers are paid for each piece of
work they submit.
Careers in Psychiatry
Psychiatry,
an important branch of the medical profession concerned with the study and
treatment of mental illness, is gradually gaining a lot of importance. It deals
with mental, emotional and behavioral disorders in a person. In psychiatry,
medical therapies are applied to attack the organic source of the disease.
After the physical and behavioural symptoms are diagnosed, drugs and other
means are used for treatment.
Psychiatrist are physicians who specialise in
the diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems, illness and emotional
disorders. They look after patients with mental problems, such as depression
and schizophrenia. Treatment approaches may be more biologically based.
The demand for psychiatrists is increasing, with
the increasing mental tension and stress arising from modern lifestyles. To
become a psychiatrist, one should attend the medical school and receive an M.D.
(Doctor of Medicine) degree, after the MBBS. One could also do a Diploma in
Psychiatric medicine (DPM) from a recognised educational institute to become a
qualified psychiatrist.
Eligibility
Doctors who have successfully completed the
entire MBBS programme are eligible for specialisation in psychiatry. They may
either do a postgraduate course (M.D.- Doctor of Medicine) in psychiatry or a
Diploma in psychiatric medicine (DPM).
Besides MD and DPM, The National Board of
Examinations conducts a programme called Diploma of National Board Exam (DNB).
The DNB is considered to be equivalent to a MD degree.
Duration - The Doctorate (MD) course in psychiatry is of
three years' duration. The person doing MD has to write a thesis on a
particular topic under the guidance of a supervisor. The DPM is of two years'
duration. Thesis does not have to be written in DPM.
The subjects taught in the MD programme include
psychology, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the brain, neurology and
neurosurgery. The course includes practical training at mental hospitals.
Special aspects of psychology such as child psychiatry, community psychiatry,
social psychiatry, forensic psychiatry and preventive psychiatry also form a
part of the academic curriculum.
Personal Skills - A person who is willing
to be a psychiatric should be patient and have the intuition to understand
people. One of the most important attribute of the job is the ability to
listen. Perseverance, emotional stability, a genuine concern and sympathy
towards the patients, an objective approach towards their problems are all
important. Good communication skill is also essential to be a good
psychiatrist.
Job Prospects and
Career Options : Psychiatry offers a wide range of job opportunities within its
subspecialties. The career of a psychiatrist is becoming important because of
arising mental problems in the society. The profession is growing slowly and
new applications are opening up. The work done by psychiatrists vary widely
between jobs.
The profession of the psychiatrists begins with
the diagnosis of the patient's problems, followed by treatment, which could
take the form of medication, counseling, psychotherapy or electrotherapy. They
make use of techniques such as hypnosis and abreaction for the treatment of
their patients. Psychiatrists often work with occupational therapists and
social workers for the rehabilitation of their patients, helping them to resume
their normal activities.
Psychiatrists can seek employment in regular
hospitals as well as in mental hospitals. They are free to set up their own
private clinics. They can work as counselors in large-scale industries,
rehabilitation centers dealing with drug addiction, alcoholism, and mental
problems. Apart from these, psychiatrists also often work as counselors in
institutions, including schools, colleges, hospitals and health centers. Many
private nursing homes and polyclinics employ psychiatrists to attend to the
psychological problems arising from various medical, surgical, cardiac and
gynecological cases. Psychiatrists specialised in children's problems deal with
juvenile delinquents and they can work in children's' rehabilitation centers.
Psychiatrists are often required to work in the courts and prisons where they
are required to deal with person's suing for divorce and other such matters.
Remuneration : In the government
sector, remuneration is fixed for various scales and the initial level is
approximately in the range of Rs 3,000 to Rs 5,000 per month plus allowances.
Private practitioners can earn a lot of money.
On one sitting, they charge Rs 300 or more per hour for counseling
The Cost and Management
Accountants facilitate strategic management decision in respect of economic
activities of an organization by their sheer expertise. Study of Cost &
Management Accountancy provides in depth knowledge and perspective to manage
business under given circumstances. This is a field which provides satisfaction
in terms of position as well as remuneration for successful candidates.
The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants Of India, the only professional body specialized in the field of Cost and Management Accountancy in India aims at imparting coaching and training in the subject of Cost & Management Accountancy. It was established by an Act of Parliament in the year 1959, though the same was in existence as a company since 1944. The Institute has four Regional councils in the Metro cities.
Course: The course is divided into Intermediate and Final with eight papers each. Both has two Stages with 4 papers each. According to the revised syllabus, along with the 8 papers in the Intermediate, two group discussions, two seminars and also computer Hours(50) has been included.
After one clears all the eight papers in the Intermediate, one can go in for the final. In the final along with the 8 papers; Dissertation (5000 words), Computer (100 hours ), Modular training (15 days ),Audit / Industrial training (6 months) is included. 10+2 candidates has to complete the Foundation Course of the institute to join the Intermediate course.
Eligibility: Candidates with 10+2 qualification can join the Institute's Intermediate course after qualifying the Foundation Course examination of the Institute. Students awaiting result of 10+2 examination may be permitted to appear in the Foundation Course examination. Similarly students awaiting result of Graduation examination may also avail the facility of provisional registration. Direct Registration without appearing for the Foundation course is open to Graduates of any discipline. Examination: Examinations held twice in a year during the month of June and December and are conducted at various centers of the country and also at three Overseas Centres – Dubai, Sultanate of Oman and Botswana for overseas students. For further details incumbent may obtain a copy of the Prospectus of the Institute, which costs Rs. 100/- and is available from the Institute’s headquarters at 12, Sudder Street, Kolkata – 700016, e-mail: Contact Us or from its four Regional Councils.
The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants Of India, the only professional body specialized in the field of Cost and Management Accountancy in India aims at imparting coaching and training in the subject of Cost & Management Accountancy. It was established by an Act of Parliament in the year 1959, though the same was in existence as a company since 1944. The Institute has four Regional councils in the Metro cities.
Course: The course is divided into Intermediate and Final with eight papers each. Both has two Stages with 4 papers each. According to the revised syllabus, along with the 8 papers in the Intermediate, two group discussions, two seminars and also computer Hours(50) has been included.
After one clears all the eight papers in the Intermediate, one can go in for the final. In the final along with the 8 papers; Dissertation (5000 words), Computer (100 hours ), Modular training (15 days ),Audit / Industrial training (6 months) is included. 10+2 candidates has to complete the Foundation Course of the institute to join the Intermediate course.
Eligibility: Candidates with 10+2 qualification can join the Institute's Intermediate course after qualifying the Foundation Course examination of the Institute. Students awaiting result of 10+2 examination may be permitted to appear in the Foundation Course examination. Similarly students awaiting result of Graduation examination may also avail the facility of provisional registration. Direct Registration without appearing for the Foundation course is open to Graduates of any discipline. Examination: Examinations held twice in a year during the month of June and December and are conducted at various centers of the country and also at three Overseas Centres – Dubai, Sultanate of Oman and Botswana for overseas students. For further details incumbent may obtain a copy of the Prospectus of the Institute, which costs Rs. 100/- and is available from the Institute’s headquarters at 12, Sudder Street, Kolkata – 700016, e-mail: Contact Us or from its four Regional Councils.
Subject Covered : Foundation Course:—
- Organization and Management Fundamentals
- Financial Accounting Fundamentals
- Economics and Business Fundamentals
- Business Mathematics and Statistics Fundamentals
Intermediate Course: (Stage I)
- Cost and Management Accounting
- Information Systems and Technology
- Business Laws and Communication Skill
- Business Taxation
Intermediate Course: (Stage II)
- Management Accounting – Performance Management
- Advanced Financial Accounting
- Auditing
- Quantitative Methods
Final Course: (Stage III)
- Operations and Project Management & Control
- Advanced Financial Management and International Finance
- Strategic Management and Marketing
- Strategic Tax Management
Final
Course: (Stage IV)
- Management Accounting – Decision Making
- Management Accounting – Financial Strategy and Reporting
- Cost Audit and Management Audit
- Valuations Management and Case Study
Coaching & Training:— The Institute offers two types of tuition – Postal through its
four Regional Councils situated in four metropolises – Mumbai, New Delhi,
Chennai and Kolkata and Oral through its more than 106 affiliated Oral Coaching
Centres spread all over the country. With a view to bridge the gap between
theoretical knowledge and to emphasis practical orientation training
requirements for ICWAI students have been presented as given below:—
Intermediate
- Group Discussions - 2 nos.
- Business Communication Seminars – 2 nos.
- Computers hands on – 50 hours
Final
- Dissertation – 5000 words.
- Computer Hands on – 100 hours
- Modular training – 15 days
- Audit / Industrial training – 6 months
Fee Structure
The
fee structure of the Institute is given below: Registration Fee:— Rs. 300 (to
be paid one time only)
Coaching Fee
|
Postal
|
Oral
|
Foundation:
Intermediate: Final: |
800
2400 2640 |
1000
(including study materials)
3180 3480 |
Examination Fee:
Foundation:
Intermediate: Final: |
Rs.
400
Rs. 400 (Any one stage) Rs. 450 (Any one Stage) |
Rs. 800 (Both Stages) Rs. 900 (Both Stages) |
For further details incumbent may obtain a copy of the Prospectus
of the Institute, which costs Rs. 100/- and is available from the Institute’s
headquarters at 12, Sudder Street, Kolkata – 700 016, e-mail : Contact Us or
from its four Regional Councils.
Job Prospects and Career Options : ICWAI passed candidates can hold top management positions, Viz. Managing Director, Finance Director, Financial Controller, Accountant, Cost Controller, Finance Manager, Chief Internal Auditor etc. in public and private sector organisations. Fellow members of the Institute would be treated at par with the persons holding Ph.D. degree as far as appointment in the posts of Professor, Associate Professor, Reader, Asstt. Professor and Lecturer in Professional / Management Institutes are concerned.
They can also find self employment in the following areas.
- Mandatory Cost Audit under Section 233(B) of the Companies Act, 1956.
- Certification under Export & Import Policy.
- Excise Audit under Section 14A of the Central Excise Act and Special Audit of Modvat Credit availed of under Section 14AA of the Central Excise Act.
- Certification of manufacturing account as per Customs Act.
- Consultancy assignments.
Syllabus
- Foundation
- Intermediate Stage I
- Intermediate Stage II
- Intermediate Computer Hours
- Final Stage III
- Final Stage IV
- Final Computer Hours
Regional Councils
EASTERN
INDIA REGIONAL COUNCIL OF ICWAI
84, Harish Mukherjee Road, Kolkata – 700 025
Ph. No. 455-3418/5957, Fax No. 91-033-4553418
NORTHERN INDIA REGIONAL COUNCIL OF ICWAI
3, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003
Ph. No. 461-5788, 462-6678, 464-4630/4692/4430
Fax No. 91-011-4622156, e-mail: Contact Us
84, Harish Mukherjee Road, Kolkata – 700 025
Ph. No. 455-3418/5957, Fax No. 91-033-4553418
NORTHERN INDIA REGIONAL COUNCIL OF ICWAI
3, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003
Ph. No. 461-5788, 462-6678, 464-4630/4692/4430
Fax No. 91-011-4622156, e-mail: Contact Us
SOUTHERN
INDIA REGIONAL COUNCIL OF ICWAI
4 (old no 65) Montieth Lane, Egmore, Chennai – 600 008
Ph. No. 855-4443/4326, 872-2772
Fax No. 91-044-8554651
e-mail: Contact Us
4 (old no 65) Montieth Lane, Egmore, Chennai – 600 008
Ph. No. 855-4443/4326, 872-2772
Fax No. 91-044-8554651
e-mail: Contact Us
WESTERN
INDIA REGIONAL COUNCIL OF ICWAI
Rohit Chambers, Janmabhoomi Marg, Mumbai – 400 001
Ph. No. 287-2010, 204-3416/06, 284-1138
Fax no. 91-022-2870763
e-mail: Contact Us
Rohit Chambers, Janmabhoomi Marg, Mumbai – 400 001
Ph. No. 287-2010, 204-3416/06, 284-1138
Fax no. 91-022-2870763
e-mail: Contact Us
Headquarters:-Director(Studies)
12, Sudder Street, Kolkata - 700 016
Phones: 244-1031/34/35, 245-0602/0492
Fax: 91-33-2440993, 91-33-2450026
Website: www.icwai.com
12, Sudder Street, Kolkata - 700 016
Phones: 244-1031/34/35, 245-0602/0492
Fax: 91-33-2440993, 91-33-2450026
Website: www.icwai.com
Directorate
of Studies:-Phone: 033-2441392, e-mail:
Contact Us
Chapters
located at almost all State Capitals and major towns of the country.
Name of the Chapters:— Regionwise
1. Western Region : Ahmedabad, Aurangabad, Baroda, Bhilai, Bhopal, Bilaspur,
Chandrapur, Goa, Indore-Dewas, Jhagrakhand-Chirimiri, Kalyan-Ambarnath,
Kolhapur-Sangli, Korba, Nagpur, Nasik-Ojhar, Pune, Rajkot, Surat-South Gujarat,
Vindhyanagar and Kutch-Gandhidham — Total 20
2. Eastern Region: Agartala, Asansol, Bokaro Steel City, Cuttack-Bhubaneshwas, Dhanbad-Sindhri,
Durgapur, Farakka, Gangtok-Siliguri, Guwahati, Howrah, Jamshedpur,
Jajpur-Keonjhar, Kalyani, silchar, Kharagpur, Naihati-Ichapur, Patna, Rajpur,
Ramgarh, Ranchi, Rourkela, Sambalpur, Serampore and Talcher-Angul — Total 24.
3. Southern Region: Bangalore, Bhadravathi-Shimoga, Cochin, Coimbatore, Godavari
(Rajahmundry), Hyderabad, Kolar Gold Fields, Kothagudem, Kottayam, Madurai,
Mangalore, Mettur-Salem, Mysore, Nellai-Pearl City (Tirunelveli-Tuticorin),
Neyveli, Palakkad, Pennar (nellore), Pondicherry, Ranipet, Tiruchirapalli,
Trichur, Trivandrum, Ukkunagaram (near Visakhapatnam), Vijayawada and
Visakhapatnam — Total 25.
4. Northern Region:
Ajmer, Allahabad, Chandigarh-Panchkula, Dehradun, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur, Gurgaon, Hardwar-Rishikesh, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Jodhpur, Kanpur, Kota, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Mankapur, Naya-Nangal, Noida, Patiala, Srinagar, Udaipur and Jhansi — Total 23.
Ajmer, Allahabad, Chandigarh-Panchkula, Dehradun, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur, Gurgaon, Hardwar-Rishikesh, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Jodhpur, Kanpur, Kota, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Mankapur, Naya-Nangal, Noida, Patiala, Srinagar, Udaipur and Jhansi — Total 23.
Entrance Exam: Kurukshetra University MBA Entrance
Courses
MBA Five
Year Integrated Practice-Oriented Program
Eligibility
The
candidates must have passed the 10+2 level of examination from any recognized
board/university, with a minimum of 50% in aggregate marks with English as one
of the subjects. In case of the SC/ST candidates a pass in the intermediate
level is sufficient.
Examination Pattern
The Five
Year Integrated MBA Test consists of four papers.
Paper I
: It is based on academic Aptitude Test consisting of Comprehension,
Vocabulary Usage and Grammar etc.
Paper II : It is based on Numerical and Quantitative Ability Test including explanation of tables, graphs etc.
Paper III : It is based on questions from General Knowledge.
Paper IV : It is based on questions from Reasoning.
15% of the seats are reserved under the All India Category while 85% seats are for the permanent residents of Haryana. Out of the seats reserved for Haryana residents, 50% of seats are reserved under various categories as 20% for SC, 27% for OBC, 3% for Physically Handicapped and 3% horizontal reservation for Ex-servicemen/Freedom fighters and their dependents.
Paper II : It is based on Numerical and Quantitative Ability Test including explanation of tables, graphs etc.
Paper III : It is based on questions from General Knowledge.
Paper IV : It is based on questions from Reasoning.
15% of the seats are reserved under the All India Category while 85% seats are for the permanent residents of Haryana. Out of the seats reserved for Haryana residents, 50% of seats are reserved under various categories as 20% for SC, 27% for OBC, 3% for Physically Handicapped and 3% horizontal reservation for Ex-servicemen/Freedom fighters and their dependents.
Syllabus
Candidates
appearing for the Five Year Integrated MBA Test have to prepare in the grounds
of Comprehension, Vocabulary, Grammar, Numerical and Quantitative Ability,
Reasoning and General Knowledge. Questions are set at the standard of the 10+2
level.
Entrance Exam: Assam JAT: Assam Joint Admission Test
Courses
- MBBS - Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medicine
- BDS - Bachelor of Dental Surgery
- B.E - Bachelor of Engineering
- B.Tech - Bachelor of Technology
- BAMS - Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine & Surgery
- BHMS - Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery
- BUMS - Bachelor of Unani Medicine & Surgery
Eligibility : The candidates must pass their Higher Secondary Examination of the Assa m Higher Secondary Education Council or its equivalent with aggregate of 50% (45% in case of SC and 40% in case of ST) marks in english, physics, chemistry and mathematics in the first attempt. The applicant must be an Indian citizen and resident of the state of Assam.
B.Tech
The candidates seeking admission into B.Tech courses via Assam JAT must not be more than 21 years of age and below 17 years of age. The SC/ST candidates are granted relaxation of 3 years in the upper age limit.
The candidates seeking admission into B.Tech courses via Assam JAT must not be more than 21 years of age and below 17 years of age. The SC/ST candidates are granted relaxation of 3 years in the upper age limit.
Examination Pattern : Assam Joint Admission Test (Assam JAT) consists of the following papers:
- Mathematics
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Biology
Syllabus
Questions
in Assam Joint Admission Test (Assam JAT) are asked from Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry and English. The standard (level) is that of 10 + followed by various
educational boards across India.
Entrance Exam: J&K BPEE CET (Jammu and Kashmir Board of
Professional Entrance Examinations)
Courses
Undergraduate
Courses:
- MBBS
- BDS
- BAMS
- BUMS
- B Sc Operation Theater Technology
- B Sc Radiation Science
- B Sc Medical Lab Technology
- BVSc & AH
- B Sc Medical Technology
- B Sc Physiotherapy
- B Sc Rehabilitation Therapy
- Nursing
- B Sc Agriculture
- B Sc Fisheries
- B Sc Sericulture
- B Sc Horticulture
- B Sc Forestry
- Bachelors of Engineering
- B Tech Agriculture
Postgraduate Diploma
Courses (Polytechnics):
Garment
Technology
|
Medical
Electronics
|
Textile
Designing
|
Electrical
|
Fashion
Designing
|
Travel
& Tourism
|
Architecture
|
Quantity
Surveying
|
E&C
|
MLT
|
IT
|
MOP
|
Computer
|
Automobile
|
Mechanical
|
Wood
Technology
|
Civil
|
Leather
Technology
|
Eligibility
The
candidates must be permanent residents of Jammu & Kashmir as defined in
Section 6 of the Constitution of the J&K.
Undergraduate
Courses:
The applicants must have passed their Higher Secondary or equivalent examination from a recognized board/university. He / she must have scored a minimum of 50% marks (45% in case of SC/ST) in aggregate.
The candidate must have passed their 10+2 level of examination with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology, as elective subjects in case of admission to MBBS, BDS, BVSC & AH, Physiotherapy, BUMS, BAMS, B Sc Nursing, B Sc Rehabilitation Therapy, B Sc Fisheries, B Sc Radiation Science, B Sc Operation Theater Technology, B Sc Medical Lab Technology and B Sc medical Technology courses.
The candidate must have passed their 10+2 examination with English, Physics, Chemistry and Math or Biology as their elective subjects in case of admission to B Sc Agriculture, B Sc Horticulture, B Sc Sericulture, B Tech Agriculture and B Sc Forestry.
The candidate must have passed their 10+2 examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as their elective subjects in case of admission to Bachelor of Engineering courses.
For B Sc in Physiotherapy and BAMS a reserved category candidate must have at least 45% marks in 10+2 level of examination.
The applicants must have passed their Higher Secondary or equivalent examination from a recognized board/university. He / she must have scored a minimum of 50% marks (45% in case of SC/ST) in aggregate.
The candidate must have passed their 10+2 level of examination with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology, as elective subjects in case of admission to MBBS, BDS, BVSC & AH, Physiotherapy, BUMS, BAMS, B Sc Nursing, B Sc Rehabilitation Therapy, B Sc Fisheries, B Sc Radiation Science, B Sc Operation Theater Technology, B Sc Medical Lab Technology and B Sc medical Technology courses.
The candidate must have passed their 10+2 examination with English, Physics, Chemistry and Math or Biology as their elective subjects in case of admission to B Sc Agriculture, B Sc Horticulture, B Sc Sericulture, B Tech Agriculture and B Sc Forestry.
The candidate must have passed their 10+2 examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as their elective subjects in case of admission to Bachelor of Engineering courses.
For B Sc in Physiotherapy and BAMS a reserved category candidate must have at least 45% marks in 10+2 level of examination.
Postgraduate
Diploma Courses
Candidate must be a permanent resident of Jammu & Kashmir as defined in Section 6 of the Constitution of the J&K. He/she must have passed Matric or equivalent examination from a recognized Board or University with Science and Mathematics subjects. Candidate must have scored a minimum of 40% marks (37% marks in case of reserved categories) in aggregate. In case of non-state subjects, candidates must have passed 10th class examination with 40% of marks along with Science and Math subjects.
Candidate must be a permanent resident of Jammu & Kashmir as defined in Section 6 of the Constitution of the J&K. He/she must have passed Matric or equivalent examination from a recognized Board or University with Science and Mathematics subjects. Candidate must have scored a minimum of 40% marks (37% marks in case of reserved categories) in aggregate. In case of non-state subjects, candidates must have passed 10th class examination with 40% of marks along with Science and Math subjects.
Examination Pattern
BPEE CET
Entrance has three papers of objective type containing multiple choice questions
which are based on knowledge, understanding and application of the relevant
subject. These questions are asked from the subjects like Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry, Biology and Zoology. Negative marking system is not applied.
Syllabus
Candidates
appearing in the BPEE CET have to prepare in the subjects like Mathematics,
Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Zoology. Candidates aspiring to join the
different programs have to appear for a different combination of subjects
according to their preferred field.
Contact
Address:
Board of Professional Examinations
4th Floor, South Block,
Bahu Plaza
Gandhi Nagar, Jammu
Board of Professional Examinations
4th Floor, South Block,
Bahu Plaza
Gandhi Nagar, Jammu
Entrance Exam: GCET (Goa Common Entrance Test)
Courses
- MBBS - Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
- BDS - Bachelor of Dental Surgery
- BHMS - Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery
- BE - Bachelor of Engineering
- BPharma - Bachelor of Pharmacy
- BArch - Bachelor of Architecture
Eligibility
MBBS,
BDS, BHMS
The candidate must pass 10+2 examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board, with a minimum of 50% marks in Biology, Physics and Chemistry in aggregate, along with English in a single attempt. In case of SC/ST and OBC candidates, minimum of 40% marks is sufficient.
BE
The candidate must pass 10+2 level of examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board, with a minimum of 50% marks. Physics and Mathematics should be compulsorily studied with: Chemistry/Bio-Technology/Computer Science/Biology as optional subjects. The candidate should get through the examination in a single attempt. In case of SC/ST and OBC candidates a minimum of 40% marks is sufficient.
B Pharma
The candidate must pass 10+2 level of examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board, with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate. English, Physics & Chemistry must be studied as compulsory subjects, while Mathematics/Bio-Technology/Computer Science/Biology must be studied as optional. They must have passed the examination in a single attempt. In case of SC/ST and OBC candidates a minimum of 40% marks is sufficient.
B Arch
The candidate must pass 10+2 level of examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate, with Mathematics as one of the main subjects. Candidates seeking admission in B Arch must have a valid score in National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) conducted online by Council of Architecture.
Candidate appearing in GCET should be an Indian citizen. Non- resident Indians holding Indian passport may also apply for seats reserved under NRI category. Applicants to degree courses in Medicine & Dentistry must complete the age of 17 years for admission to first year of the various programs. There is no age limit specified for admission to Engineering, Pharmacy and Architecture.
The candidate must pass 10+2 examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board, with a minimum of 50% marks in Biology, Physics and Chemistry in aggregate, along with English in a single attempt. In case of SC/ST and OBC candidates, minimum of 40% marks is sufficient.
BE
The candidate must pass 10+2 level of examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board, with a minimum of 50% marks. Physics and Mathematics should be compulsorily studied with: Chemistry/Bio-Technology/Computer Science/Biology as optional subjects. The candidate should get through the examination in a single attempt. In case of SC/ST and OBC candidates a minimum of 40% marks is sufficient.
B Pharma
The candidate must pass 10+2 level of examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board, with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate. English, Physics & Chemistry must be studied as compulsory subjects, while Mathematics/Bio-Technology/Computer Science/Biology must be studied as optional. They must have passed the examination in a single attempt. In case of SC/ST and OBC candidates a minimum of 40% marks is sufficient.
B Arch
The candidate must pass 10+2 level of examination of Goa Board of Higher Secondary Examination or its equivalent examination from a recognized board with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate, with Mathematics as one of the main subjects. Candidates seeking admission in B Arch must have a valid score in National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) conducted online by Council of Architecture.
Candidate appearing in GCET should be an Indian citizen. Non- resident Indians holding Indian passport may also apply for seats reserved under NRI category. Applicants to degree courses in Medicine & Dentistry must complete the age of 17 years for admission to first year of the various programs. There is no age limit specified for admission to Engineering, Pharmacy and Architecture.
Examination
Pattern
GCET
exam has five sets of question papers based on the subjects Physics, Chemistry,
Mathematics, Biology and Computer Science. The exam comprises objective type questions.
Each correct answer carries one mark, but there is no negative marking for a
wrong answer. The applicants have to appear for a different combination of
subjects, according to their preferred field either in Medicine, Engineering,
Architecture, Dentistry and Pharmacy.
Syllabus
Candidates
appearing in the Goa CET have to prepare in the subjects of Physics, Chemistry,
Mathematics, Biology and Computer Science. Candidates have to prepare for a
combination of subjects according to their preferred field in Medicine,
Engineering, Architecture, Dentistry and Pharmacy.
Contact
Address:
Directorate of Technical Education
Goa State DTE Building, Alto-Porvorim, Bardez,
Pin 403521, Goa
Directorate of Technical Education
Goa State DTE Building, Alto-Porvorim, Bardez,
Pin 403521, Goa
Tel:
0832-2413571.
Fax: 0832-2413571
Email: dir-dte.goa@nic.in
Website: www.dtegoa.gov.in
Fax: 0832-2413571
Email: dir-dte.goa@nic.in
Website: www.dtegoa.gov.in
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